Санкт-Петербург, Россия
Пекин, Китайская Народная Республика
Санкт-Петербург, Россия
Пространственное мышление (пространственная способность, spatial ability) является важным предиктором успешности в математике, инженерии, науке и других связанных областях. Однако успешность (performance) решения пространственных задач имеет достаточно большую вариабельность, которая связана с большим числом факторов, включая социоэкономические и биологические. Стратегии решения пространственных задач – еще один важный, но трудный для изучения фактор, понимаемый как подход, осознанно или неосознанно выбираемый для решения пространственной задачи. В литературе рассматриваются стратегии решения задач на ментальное вращение, пространственную визуализацию, навигацию в естественной среде или в виртуальном лабиринте, механическое мышление и т. д. Обсуждается практическая польза этих исследований: выявление оптимальных стратегий может принести пользу образованию, инженерной психологии, логистике и юзабилити. В настоящем обзоре мы обобщили результаты около ста исследований, опубликованных в ведущих международных журналах, выявили основные тенденции, достижения и проблемы этих работ, а также представили возможные дальнейшие пути развития этого исследовательского направления. Основными методами исследования стали методы работы с литературой: анализ, систематизация и обобщение. Особый акцент сделан на современных методах изучения пространственных стратегий, а именно методах записи движений глаз, работы мозга и перемещений человека в пространстве, которые позволяют получить более точные и объективные данные о применяемых стратегиях при решении конкретной задачи, чего не позволяют сделать традиционно применявшиеся методы самоотчетов. Сбор и накопление таких данных позволит получить новое знание о пространственных стратегиях, а именно: 1) уточнить список существующих пространственных стратегий; 2) определить стратегии (или их комбинации), связанные с более успешным выполнением пространственных задач; 3) определить связи между пространственными стратегиями и индивидуальными различиями, например, полом или тревожностью; 4) разработать новые методы тренировки и развития пространственного мышления; 5) перейти от исследований стратегий в психометрических тестах к изучению стратегий работы с пространственной информацией в повседневной и профессиональной деятельности. В свою очередь, это поможет ответить на запрос современной экономики в подготовке новых квалифицированных инженерных кадров.
пространственные способности, пространственное мышление, когнитивные способности, стратегии решения когнитивных задач, образы, вербально-логическое мышление
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