Москва, Россия
Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет
Россия
Микробиота пищеварительного тракта жвачных животных представляет собой сложную экологическую систему, ведущая роль которой состоит в ферментации компонентов кормов и защите организма от колонизации условно-патогенной и патогенной микрофлорой. Взаимодействие микробиоты с организмом-хозяином на фоне присутствия в рационах различных нутриентов усложняет понимание их влияния на пищеварительные процессы, иммунитет и продуктивность животных. Цель исследования – изучение с применением метода NGS-секвенирования состава и функционального профиля микробных сообществ рубца баранчиков эдильбаевской породы, выращенных с использованием рационов, обогащенных органическими добавками на основе эссенциальных микроэлементов. Объектом исследования было рубцовое содержимое 7-месячных баранчиков эдильбаевской породы, получавших в составе рациона кормовые добавки на основе микроэлементов Йоддар-Zn и ДАФС-25. Для эксперимента было сформировано 4 группы животных: контрольная (ОР), I опытная (ОР + Йоддар-Zn), II опытная (ОР + ДАФС-25), III опытная (ОР + Йоддар-Zn + ДАФС-25). Состав и функциональный профиль микробиома рубца баранчиков изучали с применением современного молекулярно-генетического метода NGS-секвенирование. Биоинформатический анализ данных выполняли с помощью программного обеспечения Qiime2 ver. 2020.8. Статистическую обработку полученных результатов проводили по стандартной методике. Результаты эксперимента свидетельствуют о положительном влиянии использованных в рационах кормовых добавок на показатели роста и развития баранчиков. Наибольшие показатели живой массы получены у животных III опытной группы, в рацион которых включали кормовые добавки Йоддар-Zn и ДАФС-25. В составе микробиома происходило изменение соотношения бактерий фил Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes, что говорит о потенциальном смещении метаболических процессов в сторону повышения соотношения летучих жирных кислот ацетат:пропионат. Наибольший сдвиг в микробиоме рубца отмечен у животных при использовании в рационах селен-содержащей добавки ДАФС-25 как отдельно, так и в сочетании с препаратом Йоддар-Zn. Применение кормовых добавок в рационах баранчиков не приводило к повышению в рубце относительной численности бактерий Proteobacteria, Mycoplasma, Escherichia-Shigella, роль которых преимущественно связана с развитием различных воспалительных процессов у организма-хозяина. При использовании в рационе кормовых добавок в функциональном профиле микробиома рубца баранчиков наблюдалось усиление метаболических путей микробиоты рубца, связанных с углеводным и энергетическим обменом, а также синтезом витаминов и кофакторов. Кроме того, выявлены закономерности модификации микробиома, что свидетельствует о позитивном влиянии добавок на метаболические процессы в организме, являясь предпосылкой более полного усвоения кормовых ингредиентов, которые и послужили причиной повышения продуктивности животных опытных групп.
Баранчики, жвачные животные, рацион, кормовые добавки, эссенциальные микроэлементы, микробиоценоз, NGS-секвенирование
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