Abstract (English):
The gut microbiota is called the “main organ” of the host organism due to its important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body. Dysbacteriosis is one of the risk factors for chronic diseases. It can cause metabolic and neural disorders, inflammatory and other reactions that reduce a healthy lifespan. This calls for developing bioactive supplements with a geroprotective effect to promote health. In this review, we aimed to study the relationship between the gut microbiota and the host organism. This systematic review covered scientific papers published from 2013–2024 and indexed by eLIBRARY.RU, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and Scopus. Dysbacteriosis can lead to a number of diseases that have a cumulative negative effect on the gut microbiota. Regardless of the state of health, the following factors affect the gut microbiota in the decreasing order: diet > sleep > circadian rhythm > physical activity. There is a need for developing bioactive supplements with geroprotective potential to normalize the functioning of the microbiota. In particular, these supplements can contain probiotics, prebiotics, and plant metabolites. Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium can be used as probiotics. Prebiotics include arabinogalactan, galactooligosaccharides, inulin, lactulose, oligofructose, xylo-oligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, or their mixtures. Among plant metabolites, especially important are polyphenols, including the ones from green tea, fruits and berries, as well as resveratrol, allicin, quercetin, curcumin, and others. However, not all of them are easily bioavailable and soluble. Encapsulation is often used to address the problem of bioavailability. The ketogenic diet and fasting-mimicking diets have the potential to increase a healthy life expectancy. The potential of dietary supplements to normalize the gut microbiota can be studied by in vitro experiments that use artificial gastrointestinal tracts. Our results can provide a foundation for further research into the role of the gut microbiota in maintaining the health of the host organism.

Keywords:
Microbiota, gut, nutrition, aging, body functioning gut-host associations, metabolits, life expectancy

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