Campina Grande, Brazil
Cruz das Almas, Brazil
Campina Grande, Brazil
Campina Grande, Brazil
Campina Grande, Brazil
Campina Grande, Brazil
Campina Grande, Brazil
The wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) is an edible fruit with a great agro-industrial potential. Its peel is highly nutritious; however, it is often discarded as waste. This study aimed to produce and evaluate the physicochemical and nutritional properties of flour made from the peel of wild passion fruit ‟Cerro Corá”. The fruit was grown under both irrigated and rainfed conditions and harvested at different times. The completely randomized factorial design (2×3) comprised two cultivation systems (irrigated and rainfed) and three harvest times (60, 80, and 100 days after anthesis). The moisture content and water activity of the flours did not depend on the cultivation system. The greatest preservation of phenolic compounds was observed in the samples grown under rainfed conditions. The best physicochemical profile and bioactive content belonged to the flour samples produced 80 days after anthesis. These flours can be used as ingredients for functional food products due to their antioxidant potential.
Passiflora cincinnata Mast., convective drying, waste utilization, fruit by-products, nutritional value, physicochemical properties
1. Paiva IAM, Santos SCL. The maracujazeiro-do-mato (Passiflora Cincinnata Mast.) and its economic importance: A narrative review. Research, Society and Development. 2021;10(7):e18210716464. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16464 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VPORGQ
2. Araújo FP, Melo NF, Aidar SM, Yuri JE, Feleiro FG. Cultivo de Passiflora cincinnata Mast. cv. BRS Sertão Forte. Circular Técnica. 2019;119:2–11.
3. Botelho SDC, Hauth MR, Botelho FM, Roncatto G, Wobeto C, et al. Qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo colhidos em diferentes estádios de maturação. Amazonian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2019;62:1–8. https://doi.org/10.22491/rca.2019.3005
4. Carmo TVB, Martins LSS, Musser RS, Silva MM, Santos JPO. Genetic diversity in accessions of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. based on morphoagronomic descriptors and molecular markers. Revista Caatinga. 2017;30(1):68–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n108rc
5. Santos JL, Matsumoto SN, Oliveira PN, D’Arêde LO, Brito CLL, Viana AES. Desenvolvimento de plantas de Passiflora cincinnata Mast. submetidas a diferentes níveis de nitrogênio e potássio. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. 2017;40(4):777–787. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA17035
6. de Freitas CMP, Rodrigues GS, Pinheiro MF, Silva DJ, de Sousa RCS. Estudo da cinética de secagem da casca do maracujá (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa). Brazilian Journal of Development. 2019;5(10):20146–20151. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n10-211
7. Seixas FL, Fukuda DL, Turbiani FR, Garcia PS, Petkowicz CLDO, et al. Extraction of pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) by microwave-induced heating. Food Hydrocolloids. 2014;38:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.12.001 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SSKLSJ
8. Uehara KS, Barbosa RA, Nascimento RF, Benica C, Canteri GMH, et al. Aplicação de pectina extraída de resíduos de maracujá (Passiflora edulis) como agente estabilizante em sorvetes. Revista Inova Ciência & Tecnologia. 2017;3:29–35.
9. Macagnan FT, dos Santos LR, Roberto BS, de Moura FA, Bizzani M, et al. Biological properties of apple pomace, orange bagasse and passion fruit peel as alternative sources of dietary fibre. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre. 2015;6(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.04.001
10. Marques SSF, Libonati RMF, Sabaa-Srur AUO, Luo R, Shejwalkar P, et al. Evaluation of the effects of passion fruit peel flour (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) on metabolic changes in HIV patients with lipodystrophy syndrome secondary to antiretroviral therapy. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2016;26(4):420–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.03.002
11. Carvalho SSR, Martins HF, Martinez EA. Maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa): Cinética da secagem artificial e natural da semente. Brazilian Journal of Development. 2019;13(1):143–148. https://doi.org/10.36229/978-65-5866-168-9.CAP.14
12. Coelho EM, Gomes RG, Machado BAS, Oliveira RS, Lima MS, et al. Passion fruit peel flour – technological properties and application in food products. Food Hydrocolloids. 2017;62:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.07.027
13. Resende O, Oliveira DEC, Costa LM, Ferreira Junior WN. Study of the drying of mesocarp of baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel) fruits. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. 2018;38:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n12p872-877
14. Leão DP, França AS, Oliveira LS, Bastos R, Coimbra MA. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and proanthocyanidin content of flours prepared from pequi (Caryocar brasilense Camb.) fruit by-products. Food Chemistry. 2017;225:146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.027
15. Santos J, Silva GF, Santos JAP, Júnior AO. Processamento e avaliação da estabilidade da farinha de banana verde. Exacta. 2010;8(2):219–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5585/exacta.v8i2.2245
16. Sampaio JA, Silva FANG. Determinação das densidades de sólidos e de polpa. Tratamento de Minérios: Práticas Laboratoriais. Rio de Janeiro: CETEM/MCTI; 2007, pp. 37–51.
17. Lutz IA. Normas analíticas do instituto Adolfo Lutz: Métodos químicos e físicos para análise de alimentos. São Paulo: SES/SP; 2008, 1020 p.
18. Sensing KM. Precise color communication – Color control from perception to instrumentation. Japan: Konica Minolta; 2007, 2–59.
19. Yemm EW, Willis AJ. The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Biochemical Journal. 1954;57(3):508–514. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0570508
20. Miller GL. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry. 1959;31(3):426–428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
21. Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology. 1987;148:350–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XXXUUE
22. Waterhouse A. Folin-Ciocalteu micro method for total phenol in wine. Waterhouse Lab. [cited 2024 Jun 03]. Available from: http://waterhouse.ucdavis.edu/phenol/folinmicro.htm
23. Francis FJ. Anthocyanins as Food Colors. In: Markakis P, editor. NY: Academic Press; 1982, pp. 181–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-472550-8.50011-1
24. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Austria; 2024, 3945 p.
25. Lima ER, Matos TB, Sousa TR, Pereira IO, Pereira R, et al. Development and characterization of cookies using passion fruit from the caatinga (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.). Food Science and Technology. 2021;42(3):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.56220 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/NIUKBK
26. Martins IR, Amorim I, da Silva ESS, da Silva ESS, Amorim DS, Monteiro JS. Farinha da casca de maracujá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa): Obtenção e caracterização da composição físico-química. Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos. 2021;11:31–38. https://doi.org/10.36229/978-65-5866-097-2.CAP.06
27. Rybka ACP, Lima AS, Nassur RCMR. Caracterização da farinha da casca de diferentes cultivares de manga. Enciclopédia Biosfera. 2018;15(27):12–21. https://doi.org/10.18677/EnciBio_2018A25
28. Pertiwi SR, Nurhalimah S, Aminuallah A. Optimization on process of ripe canistel (Pouteria campechiana) fruit flour based on several quality characteristics. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology. 2020;23(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.05619 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OIBSGO
29. Getahun E, Gabbiye N, Delele MA, Fanta SW, Gebrehiwot MG, et al. Effect of maturity on the moisture sorption isotherm of chili pepper (Mareko Fana variety). Heliyon. 2020;6(8):e04608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04608 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IXDSMR
30. Instrução normativa – Regulamento técnico de identidade e qualidade da farinha de trigo. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2005.
31. Cazarin CBB, Silva JK, Colomeu TC, Zollner RL, Maróstica Júnior MR. Capacidade antioxidante e composição química da casca de maracujá (Passiflora edulis). Ciência Rural. 2014;44(9):1699–1704. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131437
32. Damodaran S, Parkin KL. Química de Alimentos de Fennema. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2018, 5 p.
33. Feitosa BF, Oliveira ENA, Oliveira Neto JO, Oliveira DB, Feitosa RM. Cinética de secagem dos resíduos da agroindústria processadora de polpa de frutas. Energia na Agricultura. 2019;34(01):134–141. https://doi.org/10.17224/EnergAgric.2019v34n01p134-141
34. Jinkings LM, Gonçalves IS, Silva ASS. Elaboração da farinha de Passiflora edulis Sims (maracujá amarelo) a partir do exocarpo e o estudo da composição centesimal. Revista Arquivos Científicos (IMMES). 2020;3:52–58. https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-4407/rac.immes.v3n2p52-58 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JVINLZ
35. Datta S, Sinha BK, Bhattacharjee S, Seal T. Nutritional composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity and quantitative estimation of water soluble vitamins and phenolics by RP-HPLC in some lesser used wild edible plants. Heliyon. 2019;5(3):e01431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01431
36. de Aquino CM, Moreira LF, Mendes AHL, dos Santos NL, de Souza PA. Caracterização físico-química dos frutos do Nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) verde e maduro. Research, Society and Development. 2020;9(7):e274973946. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.3946 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZSLGCP
37. Brasil IM, Siddiqui MW. Postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables: An overview. Preharvest modulation of postharvest fruit and vegetable quality. NY: Academic Press; 2018, pp. 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809807-3.00001-9
38. Barros SKA, de Souza ARM, Silva FS, Pires CRF, Damiani C, et al. Elaboração de massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten enriquecida com farinha de resíduo de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) e bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.). Research, Society and Development. 2021;10(6):e1810613722. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.13722 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BBSEAG
39. Kurek M, Sokolova N. Optimization of bread quality with quinoa flour of different particle size and degree of wheat flour replacement. Food Science and Technology. 2019;40(3):307–314. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.38318 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZBNEXB
40. Narita IMP, Filbido GS, Ferreira BA, Pinheiro APO, Silva DC, et al. Bioacessibilidade in vitro de carotenoides e compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante de farinhas do fruto pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). Brazilian Journal of Food Technology. 2022;25(1):e2021068. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.06821 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JSEGZO
41. Emery KJ, Parthasarathy MK, Joyce DS, Webster MA. Color perceptions and compensation in color deficiencies assessed with hue scaling. Vision Research. 2021;183:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.01.006 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QAIBUS
42. Ferreira MD, Spricigo PC. Colorimetria – princípios e aplicações na agricultura. In: Ferreira MD, editor. Instrumentação pós-colheita em frutas e hortaliças. São Carlos: Embrapa Instrumentação; 2017, pp. 209–220.
43. Sharma S, Katocha V, Kumar S, Chatterjee S. Functional relationship of vegetable colors and bioactive compounds: Implications in human. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2021;92:108615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108615 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JPSVZM
44. Raylson SM, Silva S, de Sousa ASB, Lima RP, Dantas AL, et al. Maturação e qualidade de frutos de mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru P. DC.) de diferentes bioclimas do estado da Paraíba. Revista Agropecuária Técnica. 2017;38(3):160–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25066/agrotec.v38i3.33818
45. Garrido IPC, Morais SKQ, Coutinho EB, Oliveira EA, Gouveia DS, et al. Evaluation of passion fruit jelly stability added from passion fruit and inulina peel flour by physical, physical-chemical and microbiological indicators. Research, Society and Development. 2022;11(11):e441111133902. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i11.33902 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BJNMRI
46. Monteiro SS, Ribeiro SR, Soquetta MB, Pires FJ, Wagner R, et al. Evaluation of the chemical, sensory and volatile composition of sapota-do Solimões pulp at different ripening stages. Food Research International. 2018;109:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.033
47. Farias WC, Câmara FMM, Silva FSO, Mendonça V, Pereira GA, et al. Qualidade de frutos da goiabeira cv. Paluma submetida a podas de frutificação em diferentes épocas no município de Mossoró – RN. Nativa. 2017;5(1):5–8. https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v5i1.3756
48. D’Abadia ACA, Costa AM, Faleiro FG, Rinaldi MM, de Oliveira LL, et al. Determination of the maturation stage and characteristics of the fruits of two populations of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Revista Caatinga. 2020;33(2):349–360. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n208rc EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YPDXTB
49. Coelho AA, Cenci SA, Resende ED. Qualidade do suco de maracujá-amarelo em diferentes pontos de colheita e após o amadurecimento. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 2010;34(3):722–729. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542010000300027
50. Moura GS, Schwan-Estrada KRF, Clemente E, Franzener G. Conservação pós-colheita de frutos de maracujá-amarelo por derivados de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus). Ambiência. 2016;12(2):667–682. https://doi.org/10.5935/ambiencia.2016.02.11
51. Gonçalves JQ, Silva MAP, Plácido GR, Caliari M, Silva RM, et al. Secagem da casca e polpa da banana verde (Musa acuminata): Propriedades físicas e funcionais da farinha. Global Science and Technology. 2016;9(3):62–72.
52. Nunes JS, Lins ADF, Gomes JP, Silva WP, Silva FB. Influência da temperatura de secagem nas propriedades físico-químicas de resíduos de abacaxi. Revista Agropecuária Técnica. 2017;1:41–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25066/agrotec.v38i1.29991
53. Vaz AFS, Martelleto LAP, Sousa ALF, Rosa RCC, Andrade GS, et al. Desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos frutos do maracujazeiro cultivado em manejo orgânico sob mulching e sistema automatizado de irrigação. Research, Society and Development. 2022;11(11):e166111032430. http://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i10.32430 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JRIEGW
54. Santos DC, Oliveira ENA, Martins JN, Rocha APT. Secagem da polpa de caju em secador de leito de jorro. Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Agroindustrial. 2015;9(2):1875–1887. https://doi.org/10.3895/rbta.v9n2.2028
55. Dala-Paula BM, Gozzi W, Kringel D, Peloso EF, Custódio FB. Química e Bioquímica de Alimentos. Minas Gerais: Universidade Federal de Alfenas; 2021, 260 p.
56. Cisternas-Jamet J, Salvatierra-Martínez R, Veja-Gálvez A, Stoll A, Uribe E, et al. Biochemical composition as a function of fruit maturity stage of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Scientia Horticulturae. 2020;263:109107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109107 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VMNRBP
57. Guimarães MLL, Viana EBM, da Silva LE, Zanuto ME, Souza CCE. Coprodutos agroindustriais de maracujá-do-mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast): Qualidade nutricional e funcional. Research, Society and Development. 2023;12(8):e4212842788. http://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i8.42788 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ITGPLW
58. Leal L, Viana EBM, Ribeiro J, de Souza CCE, Zanuto ME. Potencial nutricional e funcional do maracujá-do-mato (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.). Revista Brasileira de Agrotecnologia. 2021;11(2):1000–1007. https://doi.org/10.18378/REBAGRO.V12I2.8899 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ORDYAK
59. Dhakal S, Balasubramaniam VM, Ayvaz H, Rodriguez-Saona LE. Kinetic modeling of ascorbic acid degradation of pineapple juice subjected to combined pressure-thermal treatment. Journal of Food Engineering. 2018;224:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.12.016
60. Santos PHS, Silva MA. Retention of vitamin C in drying processes of fruits and vegetables – a review. Drying Technology. 2008;26(12):1421–1437. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930802458911
61. Xavier VL, Feitoza GS, Barbosa JML, Araújo KSD, Silva MVD, et al. Nutritional and technological potential of Umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda Cam) processing by-product flour. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2022;94(1):e20200940. https://10.1590/0001-3765202220200940
62. Volp ACP, Renhe IRT, Stringueta PC. Carotenoides: Pigmentos naturais como compostos bioativos. Revista Brasileira Nutrição Clínica. 2011;26:291–298.
63. Silva MA, dos Santos CM, Vitorino HS, Rhein AFL. Pigmentos fotossintéticos e índice SPAD como descritores de intensidade do estresse por deficiência hídrica em cana-de-açúcar. Bioscience Journal. 2014;30(1):173–181.
64. Macêdo LF, Nascimento AM, da Silva JL, Lima BM, Formiga AS, et al. Bioativos em frutos de mandacaru colhidos no sertão paraibano. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research. 2022;5(4):3544–3558. https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv5n4-007 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WFXESG
65. Nörnberg ML, Pinheiro PN, Nascimento TCD, Fernandes AS, Nörnberg MFB, et al. Compostos bioativos em manteigas: Carotenoides e ácidos graxos. Brazilian Journal of Development. 2022;8(2):10270–10288. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-122 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/NYJFWM
66. Silva LR, Silveira MR, Alves Pereira RC, Aguiar Bezerra MG. Composição físico-química e bioativa dos frutos de Passiflora tenuifila Killip (maracujá-alho). Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales. 2019;24(1).
67. Gomes SF, Silva FC, Pinheiro-Volp AC. Efeito do consumo de frutas ricas em flavonoides sobre mediadores inflamatórios, bioquímicos e antropométricos relacionados ao metabolismo energético. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria. 2016;36(3):170–180. https://doi.org/10.12873/363gomes
68. de Souza PG, Pantoja L, dos Santos AS, Marinho HA, Silva JBA. Avaliação físico-química da farinha de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) para uso alimentício. Brazilian Journal of Science. 2022;1(2):65–74. https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v1i2.37 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BAMSZP
69. Borges LP, Amorim VA. Metabólitos secundários de plantas. Revista Agrotecnologia. 2020;11(1):54–67.
70. Seraglio SKT, Schulz M, Nehring P, Della Betta F, Valese AC, et al. Nutritional and bioactive potential of Myrtaceae fruits during ripening. Food Chemistry. 2018;239:649–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.118
71. Fawole OA, Opara UL. Changes in physical properties, chemical and elemental composition and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (cv. Ruby) fruit at five maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013;150:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.10.026
72. do Nascimento AM, da Costa FB, da Silva JL, de Santos KP, Gadelha TM. Composição centesimal e teores de açúcares da farinha de pimentão verde. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável. 2018;13(4):568–571. https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v13i4.5765



