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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Foods and Raw Materials</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Foods and Raw Materials</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Foods and Raw Materials</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2308-4057</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2310-9599</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">59153</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21603/2308-4057-2023-2-571</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of flaxseed on the nutritional and sensory qualities of pan and Arabic flat breads</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Effects of flaxseed on the nutritional and sensory qualities of pan and Arabic flat breads</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Al-Hassawi</surname>
       <given-names>Fatima </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Al-Hassawi</surname>
       <given-names>Fatima </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-2131</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Al-Ghanim</surname>
       <given-names>Jameela </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Al-Ghanim</surname>
       <given-names>Jameela </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Al-Foudari</surname>
       <given-names>Mohammad </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Al-Foudari</surname>
       <given-names>Mohammad </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Al-Othman</surname>
       <given-names>Amani </given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Al-Othman</surname>
       <given-names>Amani </given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-4628</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Sidhu</surname>
       <given-names>Jiwan S.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sidhu</surname>
       <given-names>Jiwan S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>dr.jiwan.sidhu@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Kuwait University</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Кувейт</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kuwait University</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Kuwait</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Кувейт</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Kuwait</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Кувейт</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Kuwait</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Кувейт</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Kuwait</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Kuwait University</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Кувейт</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kuwait University</institution>
     <city>Kuwait City</city>
     <country>Kuwait</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-14T09:47:34+03:00">
    <day>14</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-14T09:47:34+03:00">
    <day>14</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>11</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>272</fpage>
   <lpage>281</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-08T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>08</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/21476/21592/">https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/21476/21592/</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Flaxseed is a useful source of omega-3 fatty acid and many health-promoting phytochemicals. Baked products are extensively consumed in the Arabic countries. This study mainly aimed to improve the nutritional quality of pan and Arabic flat breads by adding whole and crushed flaxseed.&#13;
The study objects were pan and Arabic flat breads wholegrain and white wheat flour with whole or crushed flaxseed at different amounts. The proximate composition, texture, color characteristics, and sensory analysis were evaluated by standard methods. &#13;
The fat content increased in both the white wheat flour and in the wholegrain wheat flour pan breads with 8% of crushed flaxseed. The addition of 8% of crushed flaxseed to the white wheat flour bread also increased its specific loaf volume, while the addition of 8% of whole flaxseed significantly decreased the specific loaf volume of the wholegrain wheat flour bread. Crushed flaxseed did not affect the L* values, but significantly increased the a* values in the white wheat flour pan bread. Supplementing the white wheat flour pan bread with 8% of whole flaxseed decreased the compression force, thus indicating a softer texture. 8% of whole flaxseed significantly increased fat and protein contents of the white wheat and wholegrain wheat flour pan breads. Similar trends were observed for the Arabic breads, thus proving the enhancing effect of flaxseed on the nutritional quality of these baked products. The addition of crushed flaxseed to white wheat flour Arabic bread adversely affected its appearance and crust color, as well as significantly increased its ash, fat, protein, and dietary fiber contents. However, it did not have any adverse effect on the texture, flexibility, and flavor. &#13;
Flaxseed grains in the amount of 8% can be recommended to produce baked products with good sensory and nutritional qualities.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Flaxseed is a useful source of omega-3 fatty acid and many health-promoting phytochemicals. Baked products are extensively consumed in the Arabic countries. This study mainly aimed to improve the nutritional quality of pan and Arabic flat breads by adding whole and crushed flaxseed.&#13;
The study objects were pan and Arabic flat breads wholegrain and white wheat flour with whole or crushed flaxseed at different amounts. The proximate composition, texture, color characteristics, and sensory analysis were evaluated by standard methods. &#13;
The fat content increased in both the white wheat flour and in the wholegrain wheat flour pan breads with 8% of crushed flaxseed. The addition of 8% of crushed flaxseed to the white wheat flour bread also increased its specific loaf volume, while the addition of 8% of whole flaxseed significantly decreased the specific loaf volume of the wholegrain wheat flour bread. Crushed flaxseed did not affect the L* values, but significantly increased the a* values in the white wheat flour pan bread. Supplementing the white wheat flour pan bread with 8% of whole flaxseed decreased the compression force, thus indicating a softer texture. 8% of whole flaxseed significantly increased fat and protein contents of the white wheat and wholegrain wheat flour pan breads. Similar trends were observed for the Arabic breads, thus proving the enhancing effect of flaxseed on the nutritional quality of these baked products. The addition of crushed flaxseed to white wheat flour Arabic bread adversely affected its appearance and crust color, as well as significantly increased its ash, fat, protein, and dietary fiber contents. However, it did not have any adverse effect on the texture, flexibility, and flavor. &#13;
Flaxseed grains in the amount of 8% can be recommended to produce baked products with good sensory and nutritional qualities.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Crushed and whole flaxseed</kwd>
    <kwd>dietary fiber</kwd>
    <kwd>Arabic bread</kwd>
    <kwd>pan bread</kwd>
    <kwd>nutritional quality</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Crushed and whole flaxseed</kwd>
    <kwd>dietary fiber</kwd>
    <kwd>Arabic bread</kwd>
    <kwd>pan bread</kwd>
    <kwd>nutritional quality</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The research was performed on the premises of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) (FB041K).</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was performed on the premises of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) (FB041K).</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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  <p></p>
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