Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Техника и технология пищевых производств 2074-9414 2313-1748 110947 10.21603/2074-9414-2025-4-2611 IBKBFD ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ ORIGINAL ARTICLE ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ Fractionated Substances from Maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) Velvet Antlers in Functional Foods Субстанции из пантов марала (Cervus elaphus sibiricus), полученные путем фракционирования – перспективный ингредиент для производства функциональных продуктов https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-8529 Кротова Мария Георгиевна Krotova Maria G. otdel_wniipo@mail.ru

кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук;

candidate of agricultural sciences;

 Сафронов Сергей Михайлович Safronov Sergey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5172-4143 Гришаева Ирина Николаевна Grishaeva Irina N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-4324 Неприятель Алексей Анатольевич Nepriyatel Aleksey Anatol'evich Федеральный Алтайский научный центр агробиотехнологий Барнаул Россия Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology Barnaul Russian Federation OOO «Вистерра» с. Алтайское Россия Visterra Ltd Altayskoye Russian Federation Федеральный Алтайский научный центр агробиотехнологий Барнаул Россия Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology Barnaul Russian Federation Федеральный Алтайский научный центр агробиотехнологий Барнаул Россия Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology Barnaul Russian Federation 25 12 2025 25 12 2025 55 4 819 832 04 07 2025 02 09 2025 https://fptt.ru/en/issues/24078/24103/

Панты – неокостеневшие рога оленей, снятые в период роста, распространенное сырье для изготовления биологически активных добавок с доказанным профилактическим и лечебным действием. Для расширения возможности применения пантовой продукции в составе функционального питания предлагается использование технологии разделения сырого панта на фракции. Цель исследования – оценить биохимический состав субстанций из пантов марала (Cervus elaphus sibiricus), полученных путем фракционирования. Материалом исследования послужили сырые панты марала. Сырье фракционировали посредством перколяции, высокотемпературного гидролиза и субкритической экстракции. Все пробы высушивали до влажности 5–10 %. В представленных образцах определяли массовую долю органических и минеральных веществ, массовую концентрацию макро- и микроэлементов, аминокислот, жирнокислотный состав, молекулярно-массовое распределение фракций пептидов. В кровяной и хрящевой субстанциях преобладала белковая фракция (74,29–80,59 %) высокой биологической ценности с показателями аминокислотного скора по треонину, фенилаланину, изолейцину и триптофану от 97 до 227 %. Анализ пептидных фракций показал наличие низкомолекулярных пептидов массой < 2,9 кДа с преобладающим их количеством в составе хрящевой субстанции. По минеральным компонентам показано преобладание кальция (16590,00 мг/100 г), натрия (799,10 мг/100 г), магния (319,80 мг/100 г) и цинка (6,40 мг/100 г) в составе субстанции из крови и лимфы; калия (408,60 мг/100 г) и железа (54,30 мг/100 г) в хрящевой фракции. Основу минеральной фракции составляет фосфор в количестве 14000,00 мг/100 г. На основании данных биохимического состава субстанций из пантов марала (Cervus elaphus sibiricus), полученных путем фракционирования, при сравнительной оценке с исходным сырьем показана высокая биологическая ценность, что позволяет установить целесообразность их включения в функциональные продукты питания людей.

Velvet antlers are non-ossified antlers of maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) harvested during the growth phase. They are a common raw material in biologically active supplements with reliable preventive and therapeutic effects. This new technology provides a high-quality fractionation of raw velvet antlers that expands the potential application of velvet antler products in functional foods. The article describes the biochemical profile of substances derived from maral velvet antlers obtained by fractionation. The raw maral velvet antlers were fractionated using percolation, high-temperature hydrolysis, and subcritical extraction. The samples were dried to a moisture content of 5–10%. The analysis involved the following parameters: proteins, fats, ash, moisture, macro- and microelements, amino acids, fatty acids, and molecular weight distribution of peptide fractions. The blood and cartilage-derived substances contained a high-value protein fraction (74.29–80.59%) with an amino acid score ranging from 97 to 227% for threonine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, and tryptophan. The analysis of peptide fractions revealed the presence of low-molecular-weight peptides (< 2.9 kDa), with the highest concentration in the cartilage-derived substance. Regarding the mineral composition, the blood and lymph fraction proved to be rich in calcium (16,590.00 mg/100 g), sodium (799.10 mg/100 g), magnesium (319.80 mg/100 g), and zinc (6.40 mg/100 g) while the cartilage contained a lot of potassium (408.60 mg/100 g) and iron (54.30 mg/100 g). Phosphorus was the predominant element across all mineral fractions, with a concentration of 14,000.00 mg/100 g. The biochemical composition of the substances fractionated from maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus) velvet antlers demonstrated a high biological value and a strong potential for the functional food industry.

 Марал субстанция фракционирование функциональный продукт панты биохимический состав пептиды аминокислоты Cervus elaphus sibiricus substance fractionation functional product antlers biochemical composition peptides amino acids Научно-исследовательская работа по теме «Разработка нового функционального продукта на основе комплексной биотехнологии переработки сырых пантов маралов в сочетании с лекарственными травами Алтайского края» проведена при государственной поддержке за счет выделяемых средств гранта Управления Алтайского края по пищевой, перерабатывающей промышленности и биотехнологиям (соглашение № 7 от 22.06.2023) и средств ООО «Вистерра», а также Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (Минобрнауки России) в ФГБНУ ФАНЦА. The work was part of State Assignment to the Administration for the Food Industry and Biotechnologies, Altai Region (Agreement No. 7, June 22, 2023): New functional products based raw maral antlers and medicinal herbs of the Altai Region, with financial support from Visterra Ltd and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, and the Altai Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology.

Soetedjo NNM. The role of nutrition in various endocrine and metabolic diseases. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. 2025;62:164–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2025.05.015 Soetedjo NNM. The role of nutrition in various endocrine and metabolic diseases. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. 2025;62:164–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2025.05.015 Lee CD, Hardin CC, Longo DL, Ingelfinger JR. Nutrition in medicine – A new review article series. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;390(14):1324–1325. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2313282 Lee CD, Hardin CC, Longo DL, Ingelfinger JR. Nutrition in medicine – A new review article series. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;390(14):1324–1325. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2313282 Lozada-Martinez ID, Vindas-Meza L, Castelblanco-Toro S, Salazar-Uribe JC, Anaya J. The impact of nutritional status on centenarians physical, mental, and functional health. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. 2025;60:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2025.01.010 Lozada-Martinez ID, Vindas-Meza L, Castelblanco-Toro S, Salazar-Uribe JC, Anaya J. The impact of nutritional status on centenarians physical, mental, and functional health. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. 2025;60:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2025.01.010 Feng L, Chu Z, Quan X, Zhang Y, Yuan W, et al. Malnutrition is positively associated with cognitive decline in centenarians and oldest-old adults: A cross-sectional study. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;47:101336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101336 Feng L, Chu Z, Quan X, Zhang Y, Yuan W, et al. Malnutrition is positively associated with cognitive decline in centenarians and oldest-old adults: A cross-sectional study. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;47:101336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101336 Просеков А. Ю., Веснина А. Д., Любимова Н. А., Чекушкина Д. Ю., Михайлова Е. С. Потребительская геномика: роль в персонализации питания. Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2025. Т. 55. № 2. С. 400–415. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2025-2-2582 Prosekov AYu, Vesnina AD, Lyubimova NA, Chekushkina DYu, Mikhailova ES. Consumer genomics in personalized nutrition. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2025;55(2):400–415. (In Russ.) http s://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2025-2-2582 Yiğit A, Bielska P, Cais-Sokolińska D, Samur G. Whey proteins as a functional food: Health effects, functional properties, and applications in food. Journal of the American Nutrition Association. 2023;42(8):758–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2023.2169208 Yiğit A, Bielska P, Cais-Sokolińska D, Samur G. Whey proteins as a functional food: Health effects, functional properties, and applications in food. Journal of the American Nutrition Association. 2023;42(8):758–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2023.2169208 Gupta A, Sanwal N, Bareen MA, Barua S, Sharma N, et al. Trends in functional beverages: Functional ingredients, processing technologies, stability, health benefits, and consumer perspective. Food Research International. 2023;170:113046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113046 Gupta A, Sanwal N, Bareen MA, Barua S, Sharma N, et al. Trends in functional beverages: Functional ingredients, processing technologies, stability, health benefits, and consumer perspective. Food Research International. 2023;170:113046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113046 Berry CW, Murray B, Kenney WL. Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. International Dairy Journal. 2022;127:105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105296 Berry CW, Murray B, Kenney WL. Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. International Dairy Journal. 2022;127:105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105296 Chakrabarti S, Guha S, Majumder K. Food-derived bioactive peptides: Production, biological activities, opportunities and challenges. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10111738 Chakrabarti S, Guha S, Majumder K. Food-derived bioactive peptides: Production, biological activities, opportunities and challenges. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10111738 Wang M, Zhou Z, Wei Y, He R, Yang J, et al. Dissecting the mechanisms of velvet antler extract against diabetic osteoporosis via network pharmacology and proteomics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2025;341:119334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119334 Wang M, Zhou Z, Wei Y, He R, Yang J, et al. Dissecting the mechanisms of velvet antler extract against diabetic osteoporosis via network pharmacology and proteomics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2025;341:119334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119334 Ding C, Hao M, Ma S, Zhang Y, Yang J, et al. Identification of peptides with antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-xanthine oxidase and anti-tyrosinase activities from velvet antler blood. LWT. 2022;168:113889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113889 Ding C, Hao M, Ma S, Zhang Y, Yang J, et al. Identification of peptides with antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-xanthine oxidase and anti-tyrosinase activities from velvet antler blood. LWT. 2022;168:113889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113889 Cao T-Q, An H-X, Ma R-J, Dai K-Y, Ji H-Y, et al. Structural characteristics of a low molecular weight velvet antler protein and the anti-tumor activity on S180 tumor-bearing mice. Bioorganic Chemistry. 2023;131:106304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106304 Cao T-Q, An H-X, Ma R-J, Dai K-Y, Ji H-Y, et al. Structural characteristics of a low molecular weight velvet antler protein and the anti-tumor activity on S180 tumor-bearing mice. Bioorganic Chemistry. 2023;131:106304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106304 Сатаева Ж. И., Жетимкаринов Е. Д. Напитки профилактического назначения на основе порошков панты оленей. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science. 2024. № 140. С. 4–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13768163 Satayeva ZhI, Zhetimkarinov ED. Preventive drinks based on deer antler powders. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science. 2024;(140):4–8. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13768163 Казанцев Д. А., Растопшина Л. В. Характеристика стада маралов алтае-саянской породы в СПК ПЗ «Абайский». Вестник Алтайского государственного аграрного университета. 2021. № 5. С. 88–92. Kazantsev DA, Rastopshina LV. The features of the altai-sayan maral herd in the SPK PZ “Abayskiy”. Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University. 2021;(5):88–92. (In Russ.) Sui Z, Sun H, Weng Y, Zhang X, Sun M, et al. Quantitative proteomics analysis of deer antlerogenic periosteal cells reveals potential bioactive factors in velvet antlers. Journal of Chromatography A. 2020;1609:460496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460496 Sui Z, Sun H, Weng Y, Zhang X, Sun M, et al. Quantitative proteomics analysis of deer antlerogenic periosteal cells reveals potential bioactive factors in velvet antlers. Journal of Chromatography A. 2020;1609:460496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460496 Chen Y, Zhang Z, Jin W, Li Z, Bao C, et al. Integrative analyses of antler cartilage transcriptome and proteome of gansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis) at different growth stages. Animals. 2022;12(7):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070934 Chen Y, Zhang Z, Jin W, Li Z, Bao C, et al. Integrative analyses of antler cartilage transcriptome and proteome of gansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis) at different growth stages. Animals. 2022;12(7):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070934 Yao B, Zhou Z, Zhang M, Leng X, Zhao D. Investigating the molecular control of deer antler extract on articular cartilage. Journal of orthopaedic Surgary and Research. 2021;16:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-02148-w Yao B, Zhou Z, Zhang M, Leng X, Zhao D. Investigating the molecular control of deer antler extract on articular cartilage. Journal of orthopaedic Surgary and Research. 2021;16:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-02148-w Коростелева Н. И., Кондрашкова И. С., Рудишина Н. М., Камардина И. А. Биометрия в животноводстве. Барнаул: АГАУ; 2009. 210 с. Korosteleva NI, Kondrashkova IS, Rudishina NM, Kamardina IA. Biometrics in animal farming. Barnaul: AGAU; 2009. 210 p. Singh RR, Khanna PP, Singh AK, Goyal SP. Elemental characterization of antlers of variours deer species using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF): A tool for forensic examination. Forensic Science International. 2022;332:111172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111172 Singh RR, Khanna PP, Singh AK, Goyal SP. Elemental characterization of antlers of variours deer species using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF): A tool for forensic examination. Forensic Science International. 2022;332:111172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111172 Orassay A, Sadvokassova D, Berdigaliyev A, Sagintayev A, Myrzagali S, et al. Deer antler extract: Pharmacology, rehabilitation and sports medicine applications. Pharmacologycal Research – Modern Chinese Medicine. 2024;10:100316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100316 Orassay A, Sadvokassova D, Berdigaliyev A, Sagintayev A, Myrzagali S, et al. Deer antler extract: Pharmacology, rehabilitation and sports medicine applications. Pharmacologycal Research – Modern Chinese Medicine. 2024;10:100316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100316 Jeon B, Kim S, Lee S, Park P, Sung S, et al. Effect of antler growth period on the chemical composition of velvet antler in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Mammalian Biology. 2009;74(5):374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2008.07.005 Jeon B, Kim S, Lee S, Park P, Sung S, et al. Effect of antler growth period on the chemical composition of velvet antler in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Mammalian Biology. 2009;74(5):374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2008.07.005 Jang DW, Ameer K, Oh JH, Park MK. Optimization and pretreatment for hot water extraction of Korean deer (Cervus canadensis erxleben) velvet antlers. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2020;30(8):1116–1123. https://doi.org/10.4014/JMB.2004.04009 Jang DW, Ameer K, Oh JH, Park MK. Optimization and pretreatment for hot water extraction of Korean deer (Cervus canadensis erxleben) velvet antlers. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2020;30(8):1116–1123. https://doi.org/10.4014/JMB.2004.04009 Shi M, Li T, Zhao Y, He Z, Zong Y, et al. Comparative studies on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of vinegar-processed antler glue modified from Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun and traditional water-processed antler glue. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2024;321:117508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117508 Shi M, Li T, Zhao Y, He Z, Zong Y, et al. Comparative studies on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of vinegar-processed antler glue modified from Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun and traditional water-processed antler glue. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2024;321:117508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117508 Widyowati R, Suciati S, Haryadi DM, Chang H-I, Suryawan IPGN, et al. The effect of Rusa unicolor antler deer extracts from East Kalimantan in bone turnover cell models. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;17(4):440–445. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.57805 Widyowati R, Suciati S, Haryadi DM, Chang H-I, Suryawan IPGN, et al. The effect of Rusa unicolor antler deer extracts from East Kalimantan in bone turnover cell models. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;17(4):440–445. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.57805 Sui Z, Zhang L, Huo Y, Yukui Z. Bioactive components of velvet antlers and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2014;87:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.044 Sui Z, Zhang L, Huo Y, Yukui Z. Bioactive components of velvet antlers and their pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2014;87:229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.044 López-Pedrouso M, Lorenzo JM, Landete-Castillejos T, Chonco L, Pérez-Barbería FJ, et al. Quantitative proteomic analysis of deer antler from two regenerating and mineralizing sections. Biology. 2021;10(7):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070679 López-Pedrouso M, Lorenzo JM, Landete-Castillejos T, Chonco L, Pérez-Barbería FJ, et al. Quantitative proteomic analysis of deer antler from two regenerating and mineralizing sections. Biology. 2021;10(7):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070679 Кротова М. Г., Гришаева И. Н. Коллаген, гидролизованный из сырья маралов: технология получения и биохимический состав. Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2024. Т. 54. № 4. С. 884–896. [Krotova MG, Grishaeva IN. Collagen hydrolysed from maral raw material: Production technology and biochemical composition. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2024;54(4):884–896. (In Russ.)] https://doi.org /10.21603/2074-9414-2024-4-2549 Krotova MG, Grishaeva IN. Collagen hydrolysed from maral raw material: Production technology and biochemical composition. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2024;54(4):884–896. (In Russ.) https://doi.org /10.21603/2074-9414-2024-4-2549 Guo H, Zhang Q, Xin L, Zhang H, Wang S. Dietary hydroxyproline promotes collagen deposition in swim bladder through regulating biosynthesis of amino acid: In-vitro and in-vivo investigations in Nibea coibor. Aquaculture. 2023;573:739614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739614 Guo H, Zhang Q, Xin L, Zhang H, Wang S. Dietary hydroxyproline promotes collagen deposition in swim bladder through regulating biosynthesis of amino acid: In-vitro and in-vivo investigations in Nibea coibor. Aquaculture. 2023;573:739614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739614 Krishnan A, Raghu S, Eswaramoorthy R, Perumal G. Biodegradable glutamic acid loaded polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffold for controlled dentin mineralization. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2025;104:106546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106546 Krishnan A, Raghu S, Eswaramoorthy R, Perumal G. Biodegradable glutamic acid loaded polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffold for controlled dentin mineralization. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2025;104:106546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106546 Lioi M, Tengattini S, Gotti R, Bagatin F, Galliani S. Chromatographic separation by RPLC-ESI-MS of all hydroxyproline isomers for the characterization of collagens from different sources. Journal of Chromatography A. 2024;1720:464771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464771 Lioi M, Tengattini S, Gotti R, Bagatin F, Galliani S. Chromatographic separation by RPLC-ESI-MS of all hydroxyproline isomers for the characterization of collagens from different sources. Journal of Chromatography A. 2024;1720:464771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464771 Rucklidge GJ, Milne G, Bos KJ, Farquharson C, Robins SP. Deer antler does not represent a typical endochondral growth system: Immunoidentification of collagen type X but little collagen type II in growing antler tissue. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1997;118(2):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00171-5 Rucklidge GJ, Milne G, Bos KJ, Farquharson C, Robins SP. Deer antler does not represent a typical endochondral growth system: Immunoidentification of collagen type X but little collagen type II in growing antler tissue. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1997;118(2):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00171-5 Гордынец С. А., Мадзиевская Т. А., Курченко В. П. Новые тенденции в создании пищевых ингредиентов. Материалы семинара с международным участием. Минск: Издательский центр БГУ; 2021. 106 с. Gordynets SA, Madziyevskaya TA, Kurchenko VP. New Trends in food ingredient development. Proceedings of Seminar with International Participation. Minsk: Izdatelskiy tsentr BGU; 2021. 106 p. Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series. 2007;(935):1–265. Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series. 2007;(935):1–265. Яременко О. Б., Анохина Г. А., Бурьянов А. А. Сустав. Хрящ. Коллаген. Травма. 2020. Т. 21. № 4. С. 6–12. https://doi.org/10.22141/1608-1706.4.21.2020.212531 Yaremenko OB, Anokhina HA, Burianov OA. Joint. Cartilage. Collagen. Trauma. 2020;21(4):6–12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22141/1608-1706.4.21.2020.212531 Lin L, Li C, Zhang T, Xia C, Bai Q, et al. An in silico scheme for optimizing the enzymatic acquisition of natural biologically active peptides based on machine learning and virtual digestion. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2024;1298:342419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2024.342419 Lin L, Li C, Zhang T, Xia C, Bai Q, et al. An in silico scheme for optimizing the enzymatic acquisition of natural biologically active peptides based on machine learning and virtual digestion. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2024;1298:342419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2024.342419 Zamudio FV, Hidalgo-Figueroa SN, Ortíz Andrade RR, Hernández Álvarez AJ, Segura Campos MR. Identification of antidiabetic peptides derived from in silico hydrolysis of three ancient grains: Amaranth, Quinoa and Chia. Food Chemistry. 022;394:133479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133479 Zamudio FV, Hidalgo-Figueroa SN, Ortíz Andrade RR, Hernández Álvarez AJ, Segura Campos MR. Identification of antidiabetic peptides derived from in silico hydrolysis of three ancient grains: Amaranth, Quinoa and Chia. Food Chemistry. 022;394:133479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133479 Chirinos R, Escobar-Mendoza N, Figueroa-Merma A, de Oliveira TV, Guzmán F, et al. Evaluation of the antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential of peptides from the globulin fraction of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by an in silico and in vitro approach. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2023;58(8):4386–4396. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16544 Chirinos R, Escobar-Mendoza N, Figueroa-Merma A, de Oliveira TV, Guzmán F, et al. Evaluation of the antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential of peptides from the globulin fraction of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by an in silico and in vitro approach. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2023;58(8):4386–4396. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16544 Pektaş AN, Korkmaz EM. Novel antimicrobial defensin peptides from different coleopteran insects (Coleoptera: Insecta): Identification, characterisation and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2025;27(8):1146–1160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2024.2448011 Pektaş AN, Korkmaz EM. Novel antimicrobial defensin peptides from different coleopteran insects (Coleoptera: Insecta): Identification, characterisation and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2025;27(8):1146–1160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2024.2448011 Ghafoor H, Asim MN, Ibrahim MA, Ahmed S, Dengel A. CAPTURE: Comprehensive anti-cancer peptide predictor with a unique amino acid sequence encoder. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2024;176:108538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108538 Ghafoor H, Asim MN, Ibrahim MA, Ahmed S, Dengel A. CAPTURE: Comprehensive anti-cancer peptide predictor with a unique amino acid sequence encoder. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2024;176:108538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108538 Hajigha MN, Hajikhani B, Vaezjalali M, Kafil HS, Anari RK, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial peptides: Mechanisms of action. Heliyon. 2024;10(22):e40121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40121 Hajigha MN, Hajikhani B, Vaezjalali M, Kafil HS, Anari RK, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial peptides: Mechanisms of action. Heliyon. 2024;10(22):e40121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40121 Смирнова А. В., Тихонов С. А. Идентификация и предиктивный анализ аминокислотных паттернов, обуславливающих потенциальную антигиперурикемическую активность пептидов. Техника и технология пищевых производств. 2024. Т. 54. № 4. С. 687–700. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-4-2536 Smirnova AV, Tikhonov SL. Amino acid patterns that determine antihyperuricemic activity of peptides: Identification and predictive analysis. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2024;54(4):687–700. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2024-4-2536 Mottola S, Del Bene A, Mazzarella V, Cutolo R, Boccino I, et al. Sustainable ultrasound-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis (SUS-SPPS): Less waste, more efficiency. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2025;114:107257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Ultsonch.2025.107257 Mottola S, Del Bene A, Mazzarella V, Cutolo R, Boccino I, et al. Sustainable ultrasound-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis (SUS-SPPS): Less waste, more efficiency. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2025;114:107257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Ultsonch.2025.107257 Kohl J, Jerger S, König D, Centner C. Chapter 21 – Applications in nutrition: Sport nutrition. In: Toldrá F, Wu J, editors. Biologically Active Peptides. NY, Oxford: Academic Press; 2021. pp. 525–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821389-6.00024-8 Kohl J, Jerger S, König D, Centner C. Chapter 21 – Applications in nutrition: Sport nutrition. In: Toldrá F, Wu J, editors. Biologically Active Peptides. NY, Oxford: Academic Press; 2021. pp. 525–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821389-6.00024-8 Chandimali N, Bak S-G, Park EH, Lim H-J, Won Y-S, et al. Bioactive peptides derived from duck products and byproducts as functional food ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods. 2024;113:105953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105953 Chandimali N, Bak S-G, Park EH, Lim H-J, Won Y-S, et al. Bioactive peptides derived from duck products and byproducts as functional food ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods. 2024;113:105953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105953 Asim MN, Asif T, Mehmood F, Dengel A. Peptide classification landscape: An in-depth systematic literature review on peptide types, databases, datasets, predictors architectures and performance. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2025;188:109821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.109821 Asim MN, Asif T, Mehmood F, Dengel A. Peptide classification landscape: An in-depth systematic literature review on peptide types, databases, datasets, predictors architectures and performance. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2025;188:109821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.109821 Bao X, Wu J. Impact of food-derived bioactive peptides on gut function and health. Food Research International. 2021;147:110485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110485 Bao X, Wu J. Impact of food-derived bioactive peptides on gut function and health. Food Research International. 2021;147:110485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110485 Chen D, Shu Y, Chen J, Cao X. Preparation and in vitro bioactive evaluation of cashew-nut proteins hydrolysate as a potential source of anti-allergy peptides. Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2021;58:3780–3789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04838-z Chen D, Shu Y, Chen J, Cao X. Preparation and in vitro bioactive evaluation of cashew-nut proteins hydrolysate as a potential source of anti-allergy peptides. Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2021;58:3780–3789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04838-z Suttie JM, Gluckman PD, Butler JH, Fennessy PF, Corson ID, et al. Insum-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) antlerstimulating holmone? Endocrinology. 1985;116(2):846–848. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-2-846 Suttie JM, Gluckman PD, Butler JH, Fennessy PF, Corson ID, et al. Insum-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) antlerstimulating holmone? Endocrinology. 1985;116(2):846–848. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-116-2-846 Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang X, Xie Q. Purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from simulated gastrointestinal digests of velvet antler protein (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus). Journal of Food and Drug Analisis. 2016;24(2):376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.003 Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang X, Xie Q. Purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from simulated gastrointestinal digests of velvet antler protein (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus). Journal of Food and Drug Analisis. 2016;24(2):376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.003 Ma S, Ding Q, Xia G, Li A, Li J, et al. Multifunctional biomaterial hydrogel loaded with antler blood peptide effectively promotes wound repair. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2024;170:116076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116076 Ma S, Ding Q, Xia G, Li A, Li J, et al. Multifunctional biomaterial hydrogel loaded with antler blood peptide effectively promotes wound repair. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2024;170:116076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116076 Hao M, Peng X, Sun S, Ding C, Liu W, et al. Chitosan/sodium alginate/velvet antler blood peptides hydrogel promoted wound healing by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and SIRT1/NF-kB pathways. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:913408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.913408 Hao M, Peng X, Sun S, Ding C, Liu W, et al. Chitosan/sodium alginate/velvet antler blood peptides hydrogel promoted wound healing by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and SIRT1/NF-kB pathways. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:913408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.913408 Gómez JA, Ceacero F, Landete-Castillejos T, Gaspar-López E, García AJ, et al. Factors affecting antler investment in Iberian red deer. Animal Production Science. 2012;52:867–873. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11316 Gómez JA, Ceacero F, Landete-Castillejos T, Gaspar-López E, García AJ, et al. Factors affecting antler investment in Iberian red deer. Animal Production Science. 2012;52:867–873. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11316 Shi H, Yu T, Li Z, Lu W, Zhang M, et al. Bone regeneration strategy inspired by the study of calcification behavior in deer antler. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2015;57:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.043 Shi H, Yu T, Li Z, Lu W, Zhang M, et al. Bone regeneration strategy inspired by the study of calcification behavior in deer antler. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2015;57:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.043 Hamid HA, Khairul Anuar MZA, Zulkifli FH. Preparation and characterization of deer velvet antler/polyvinyl alcohol (DVA/PVA) scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materialstoday: Proceedings. 2022;51(Part 2):1332–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.377 Hamid HA, Khairul Anuar MZA, Zulkifli FH. Preparation and characterization of deer velvet antler/polyvinyl alcohol (DVA/PVA) scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materialstoday: Proceedings. 2022;51(Part 2):1332–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.377 Sawant RC, Somkuwar SR, Luo S-Y, Kamble RB, Panhekar DY, et al. Chapter 4 – Novel extraction and characterization methods for phytochemicals. In: Pati S, Sarkar T, Lahiri D, editors. Recent Frontiers of Phytochemicals. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2023. pp. 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19143-5.00035-9 Sawant RC, Somkuwar SR, Luo S-Y, Kamble RB, Panhekar DY, et al. Chapter 4 – Novel extraction and characterization methods for phytochemicals. In: Pati S, Sarkar T, Lahiri D, editors. Recent Frontiers of Phytochemicals. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2023. pp. 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19143-5.00035-9 Chonco L, Landete-Castillejos T, Serrano-Heras G, Pérez Serrano M, Pérez-Barbería FJ, et al. Anti-tumour activity of deer growing antlers and its potential applications in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79779-w Chonco L, Landete-Castillejos T, Serrano-Heras G, Pérez Serrano M, Pérez-Barbería FJ, et al. Anti-tumour activity of deer growing antlers and its potential applications in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79779-w Loftus LV, Rolle LTA, Wang B, Pienta KJ, Amend SR. Dysregulation of labile iron predisposes chemotherapy resistant cancer cells to ferroptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(9):4193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094193 Loftus LV, Rolle LTA, Wang B, Pienta KJ, Amend SR. Dysregulation of labile iron predisposes chemotherapy resistant cancer cells to ferroptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(9):4193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094193 Kim C-T, Gujral N, Ganguly A, Suh J-W, Sunwoo HH. Chondroitin sulphate extracted fromantler cartilage using high hydrostatic pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnology reports. 2014;4:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2014.07.004 Kim C-T, Gujral N, Ganguly A, Suh J-W, Sunwoo HH. Chondroitin sulphate extracted fromantler cartilage using high hydrostatic pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnology reports. 2014;4:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2014.07.004 Collazo N, Carpena M, Nuñez-Estevez B, Otero P, Simal-Gandara J, et al. Health promoting properties of bee royal jelly: Food of the queens. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020543 Collazo N, Carpena M, Nuñez-Estevez B, Otero P, Simal-Gandara J, et al. Health promoting properties of bee royal jelly: Food of the queens. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020543