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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Dairy industry</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Dairy industry</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Молочная промышленность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1019-8946</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">99767</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21603/1019-8946-2025-3-40</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Научная статья</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Научная статья</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Lactose Crystallization in Ice-Cream with Alternative Sugars and Sugar Substitutes</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>К вопросу кристаллизации лактозы в мороженом при наличии других сахаров и их заменителей</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гурский</surname>
       <given-names>Игорь Алексеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Gurskiy</surname>
       <given-names>Igor Alekseevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>iixrug@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Творогова</surname>
       <given-names>Антонина Анатольевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tvorogova</surname>
       <given-names>Antonina A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>antvorogova@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ситникова</surname>
       <given-names>Полина Борисовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sitnikova</surname>
       <given-names>Polina B.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>sitnikova.p.b@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт холодильной  промышленности — Филиал Федерального научного центра  пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Refrigeration  Industry — Branch of V. M. Gorbatov  Federal Research Center for Food Systems</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт холодильной промышленности – филиал Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry – Branch of V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт холодильной промышленности – филиал Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-16T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>16</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-16T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>16</day>
    <month>06</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>73</fpage>
   <lpage>80</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>26</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-12T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>12</day>
     <month>05</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://moloprom.kemsu.ru/en/nauka/article/99767/view">https://moloprom.kemsu.ru/en/nauka/article/99767/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Распространенными пороками структуры мороженого, вызываемыми кристаллизацией лактозы, являются «песчанистость»&#13;
и «мучнистость». Лактоза в мороженом находится в виде перенасыщенного раствора, поэтому при замене сахарозы на другие&#13;
сахара и заменители следует принимать во внимание возможность кристаллизации лактозы, особенно при температуре&#13;
близкой к минус 10 °С. Целью исследований являлось установление влияния сахаров, применяемых в производстве&#13;
мороженого (сахарозы, фруктозы, трегалозы и глюкозы), и их композиций с другими заменителями на образование&#13;
и рост кристаллов лактозы. При исследовании роста кристаллов лактозы использовали метод световой микроскопии,&#13;
динамической вязкости – реологические методы. Выявлено, что форма кристаллов лактозы в сечении при наличии других&#13;
сахаров представлена неровным ромбом, при невысоком их содержании (5 % и менее) – трапецией. В концентрированных&#13;
модельных растворах сахарозы и композиции фруктозы и трегалозы через 1 мес. хранения размеры кристаллов лактозы&#13;
были на 4–12 мкм меньше, чем в образцах с заменителями. Более мелкие кристаллы были сформированы в образцах&#13;
с фруктозой-трегалозой-мальтодекстрином и с сахарозой-мальтитом-мальтодекстрином. Наименьший рост кристаллов&#13;
наблюдался в образце с сахарозой-мальтитом-мальтодекстрином и составил 5 мкм, наибольший в образце без дополнительных&#13;
сахаров – 18 мкм. В замороженных взбитых образцах в отсутствии стабилизаторов через 3 мес. хранения при использовании&#13;
мальтодекстрина средний размер кристаллов лактозы составил 71 мкм, с сахарозой-мальтитом-мальтодекстрином – 74 мкм.&#13;
Наименьший размер кристаллов (41 мкм) был выявлен в образце при содержании 14 % фруктозы и трегалозы. Замена сахарозы&#13;
сухими веществами финикового сиропа – фруктозой, глюкозой и инулином вызвала кристаллизацию лактозы, несмотря&#13;
на значительное увеличение вязкости (в 2,6 раза). Таким образом, исследования показали, что сахара (сахароза, композиция&#13;
фруктозы и трегалозы) при принятом в производстве мороженого содержании ингибируют кристаллизацию лактозы.&#13;
При замене сахарозы на сахара природного происхождения, в частности финикового сиропа, и заменители сахарозы по массе&#13;
и сухому веществу следует обращать внимание на присутствие нутриентов, инициирующих кристаллизацию лактозы.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Grittiness and mealiness are the most common defects of ice-cream structure. As a rule, they are caused by lactose crystallization and recrystallization. In ice-cream, lactose is an oversaturated solution, and its potential crystallization should be considered when replacing sugar with alternatives and substitutes. In this case, crystallization is likely to occur at –10 °C. The article describes the effect of sucrose, fructose, trehalose, glucose, and their compositions with other substitutes on lactose crystals in ice-cream. The methods of light microscopy, dynamic viscosity, and rheology made it possible to study lactose crystals in dynamics. In cross-section, a lactose crystal was an uneven rhombus in the presence of alternative sugars and a trapezoid at ≤5 % sugar content. In the concentrated model solutions of sucrose and a fructose+trehalose, lactose crystals were 4–12 μm smaller after 1 month of storage than in the samples with substitutes. Smaller crystals developed in the samples with fructose+trehalose+maltodextrin and with sucrose+maltitol+maltodextrin. The smallest crystals were observed in the sample with sucrose-maltitol+maltodextrin (≤ 5 μm) while the largest crystals (≤ 18 μm) developed in the sample without additional sugars. In the frozen whipped samples without stabilizers, the average lactose crystals grew as big as 71 μm after 3 months of storage with maltodextrin and 74 μm in the samples with sucrose+maltitol+maltodextrin. The smallest crystal size (41 μm) was found in the sample with 14 % fructose and trehalose. When sucrose was replaced with date-syrup fructose, glucose, or inulin, they triggered lactose crystallization, despite a major increase in viscosity (2.6 times). Sugars (sucrose and fructose+trehalose) in standard amounts inhibited lactose crystallization. When designing new ice-cream formulations, food engineers should keep it in mind that alternative natural sugars, e.g., date syrup, and other sucrose substitutes contain nutrients that may initiate lactose crystallization.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>перенасыщенный раствор</kwd>
    <kwd>сахароза</kwd>
    <kwd>фруктоза</kwd>
    <kwd>трегалоза</kwd>
    <kwd>глюкоза</kwd>
    <kwd>форма кристаллов лактозы</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>oversaturated solution</kwd>
    <kwd>sucrose</kwd>
    <kwd>fructose</kwd>
    <kwd>trehalose</kwd>
    <kwd>glucose</kwd>
    <kwd>shape of lactose crystal</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения исследований по государственному заданию ФГБНУ «ФНЦ пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова» РАН.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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  <p></p>
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