Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Техника и технология пищевых производств 2074-9414 2313-1748 96586 10.21603/2074-9414-2025-1-2553 ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ ORIGINAL ARTICLE ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Citrus fortunella (Kumquat) and Its Mutants Химический состав эфирных масел кумквата (Citrus fortunella) и мутантов https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-4138 Фатюметюззехра Кючукбай Fatumetuzzehra Kucukbay zehra.kucukbay@inonu.edu.tr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3586 Бююккормаз Чагры Buyukkormaz Cagri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8908-6098 Озек Гюльмира Ozek Gulmira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-8783 Озек Темел Ozek Temel Университет Инёню Малатья Турция İnönü University Malatya Turkey Университет Инёню Малатья Турция İnönü University Malatya Turkey Анатолийский университет Эскишехир Турция Anadolu University Eskişehir Turkey Анатолийский университет Эскишехир Турция Anadolu University Eskişehir Turkey 28 03 2025 28 03 2025 55 1 29 44 25 06 2024 01 10 2024 https://fptt.ru/en/issues/23416/23363/

Кумкват (Citrus japonica или Fortunella japonica) – растение семейства цитрусовых, плоды которого широко применяются в пищевой промышленности, однако его листья и кора, как правило, выбрасываются в качестве отходов. Цель данной работы – изучить химический состав эфирных масел, полученных из плодов и листьев кумквата основного вида и шести мутантов (Институт растениеводства «Mersin Alata», Турция). Эфирные масла плодов и листьев кумквата получали методом гидродистилляции. Компонентный анализ эфирных масел проводилли при помощи газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии (ГХ-МС). В эфирном масле из плодов самым распространенным компонентом оказался лимонен (69,9–94,4 %); в эфирном масле из листьев – элемол (13,2–14,8 %), ß-эудесмол (9,3–11,0 %), α-гвайол (8,5–10,8 %), спатуленол (8,1–10,5 %) и алисмол (6,5–7,9 %). Согласно полученным результатам, эфирное масло может производиться как побочный продукт из листьев и плодов C. fortunella. Эфирные масла плодов и листьев кумквата содержат большое количество химических компонентов с разным уровнем биологической активности, что делает возможным их использование в качестве источника растительного сырья в различных областях промышленности, таких как медицина, парфюмерия или производство косметики.

Kumquat, known as the little jewel of the citrus family, is a fruit of the plant Citrus japonica Thunb. or Fortunella japonica Swingle. Kumquat is widely grown for its fruit, but such parts of the plant as leaves and bark are left as waste without being utilized. Therefore, we aimed to determine the chemical composition of essential oils from kumquat fruit and leaves (main species and 6 mutants) grown at the Mersin Alata Horticultural Research Institute. The fruits and leaves of Citrus fortunella trees were collected and their essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to analyze the components of the essential oils. Among the essential oil components determined by GC-MS analysis, limonene (69.9–94.4%) was detected at the highest levels in the fruit essential oil, while the leaf essential oil was rich in elemol (13.2–14.8%), ß-eudesmol (9.3–11.0%), α-guaiol (8.5–10.8%), spathulenol (8.1–10.5%), and alismol (6.5–7.9%). Our results showed that essential oil can be produced as a by-product from the leaves and fruits of C. fortunella trees. Kumquat fruit and leaf essential oils contain large amounts of chemical components with potential biological activity, both major and minor. Therefore, they can be used as an herbal resource in different industrial fields such as medicine, perfumery, and cosmetics.

 Кумкват Citrus fortunella эфирные масла лимонен элемол ß-эудесмол α-гвайол спатуленол алисмол Kumquat Citrus fortunella essential oils limonene elemol ß-eudesmol α-guainol spathulenol alismol Исследование было выполнено при финансовой поддержке университета Инёню, Турция (BAPB, грант № TYL-2018-1108). The authors thank İnönü University, Turkey for financial support (BAPB – Grant No. TYL-2018-1108).

Cho EC, Kim K. A comprehensive review of biochemical factors in herbs and their constituent compounds in experimental studies on alopecia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;258:112907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112907 Cho EC, Kim K. A comprehensive review of biochemical factors in herbs and their constituent compounds in experimental studies on alopecia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;258:112907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112907 Motti R. Wild plants used as herbs and spices in Italy: An ethnobotanical review. Plants. 2021;10:563. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/plants10030563 Motti R. Wild plants used as herbs and spices in Italy: An ethnobotanical review. Plants. 2021;10:563. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/plants10030563 Balkrishna A, Sharma N, Srivastava D, Kukreti A, Srivastava S, et al. Exploring the safety, efficacy, and bioactivity of herbal medicines: Bridging traditional wisdom and modern science in healthcare. Future Integrative Medicine. 2024;3(1):35–49. https://doi.org/10.14218/FIM.2023.00086. Balkrishna A, Sharma N, Srivastava D, Kukreti A, Srivastava S, et al. Exploring the safety, efficacy, and bioactivity of herbal medicines: Bridging traditional wisdom and modern science in healthcare. Future Integrative Medicine. 2024;3(1):35–49. https://doi.org/10.14218/FIM.2023.00086. Raynor DK, Dickinson R, Knapp P, Long AF, Nicolson DJ. Buyer beware? Does the information provided with herbal products available over the counter enable safe use? BMC Medicine. 2011;9:94. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-94 Raynor DK, Dickinson R, Knapp P, Long AF, Nicolson DJ. Buyer beware? Does the information provided with herbal products available over the counter enable safe use? BMC Medicine. 2011;9:94. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-94 Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou CC. Interactions between medical plant-derived bioactive compounds: Focus on antimicrobial combination effects. Antibiotics. 2022;11(8):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081014 Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou CC. Interactions between medical plant-derived bioactive compounds: Focus on antimicrobial combination effects. Antibiotics. 2022;11(8):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081014 Perez SM. Profile Physical and phenolic-chemical of kumquat influenced by the environment analyzed in Fresh. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2022;23(2):196–203. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/144474 Perez SM. Profile Physical and phenolic-chemical of kumquat influenced by the environment analyzed in Fresh. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2022;23(2):196–203. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/144474 Pawełczyk A, Żwawiak J, Zaprutko L. Kumquat fruits as an important source of food ingredients and utility compounds. Food Reviews International. 2021;39(2):875–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1928179 Pawełczyk A, Żwawiak J, Zaprutko L. Kumquat fruits as an important source of food ingredients and utility compounds. Food Reviews International. 2021;39(2):875–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1928179 Ziogas V, Ganos C, Graikou K, Cheilari A, Chinou I. Chemical analyses of volatiles from kumquat species grown in Greece–A study of antimicrobial activity. Horticulturae. 2024;10(2):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020131 Ziogas V, Ganos C, Graikou K, Cheilari A, Chinou I. Chemical analyses of volatiles from kumquat species grown in Greece–A study of antimicrobial activity. Horticulturae. 2024;10(2):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020131 Peng L-W, Sheu M-J, Lin L-Y, Wu C-T, Chiang H-M, et al. Effect of heat treatments on the essential oils of kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle). Food Chemistry. 2013;136(2):532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.014 Peng L-W, Sheu M-J, Lin L-Y, Wu C-T, Chiang H-M, et al. Effect of heat treatments on the essential oils of kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle). Food Chemistry. 2013;136(2):532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.014 Yıldız Turgut D, Topuz A. Bioactive compounds and biological activities of kumquat (Fortunella spp.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology. 2019;7(10):1581–1588. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1581- 1588.2628 Yıldız Turgut D, Topuz A. Bioactive compounds and biological activities of kumquat (Fortunella spp.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology. 2019;7(10):1581–1588. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1581- 1588.2628 Li X, Meenu M, Xu B. Recent development in bioactive compounds and health benefits of kumquat fruits. Food Reviews International. 2022;39(7):4312–4332. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2023818 Li X, Meenu M, Xu B. Recent development in bioactive compounds and health benefits of kumquat fruits. Food Reviews International. 2022;39(7):4312–4332. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2023818 Love K, Bowen R, Fleming K. Twelve fruits with potential value-added and culinary uses. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. 2007. 58 p. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/2340 Love K, Bowen R, Fleming K. Twelve fruits with potential value-added and culinary uses. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. 2007. 58 p. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/2340 de Sousa DP, Damasceno ROS, Amorati R, Elshabrawy HA, de Castro RD, et al. Essential oils: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. Biomolecules. 2023;1;13(7):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071144 de Sousa DP, Damasceno ROS, Amorati R, Elshabrawy HA, de Castro RD, et al. Essential oils: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. Biomolecules. 2023;1;13(7):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071144 Lin X, Cao S, Sun J, Lu D, Zhong B, et al. The chemical compositions, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of four types of citrus essential oils. Molecules. 2021;26(11):3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113412 Lin X, Cao S, Sun J, Lu D, Zhong B, et al. The chemical compositions, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of four types of citrus essential oils. Molecules. 2021;26(11):3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113412 Soni S, Parekh MY, Jacob JA, Lobo DE. Kumquat essential oil decreases proliferation and activates JNK signaling and apoptosis in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2022;477:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11010-021-04291-2 Soni S, Parekh MY, Jacob JA, Lobo DE. Kumquat essential oil decreases proliferation and activates JNK signaling and apoptosis in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2022;477:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11010-021-04291-2 Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A, Yasir B, Rumata NR, et al. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chemistry. 2022;13:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217 Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A, Yasir B, Rumata NR, et al. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chemistry. 2022;13:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217 Tan S, Li M, Ding X, Fan S, Guo L, et al. Effects of Fortunella margarita fruit extract on metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 Mice. PLOS ONE. 2015;9(4):e93510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093510 Tan S, Li M, Ding X, Fan S, Guo L, et al. Effects of Fortunella margarita fruit extract on metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 Mice. PLOS ONE. 2015;9(4):e93510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093510 Zhang H, Xie Y, Liu C, Chen S, Hu S, et al. Comprehensive comparative analysis of volatile compounds in citrus fruits of different species. Food Chemistry. 2017;230:316–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.040 Zhang H, Xie Y, Liu C, Chen S, Hu S, et al. Comprehensive comparative analysis of volatile compounds in citrus fruits of different species. Food Chemistry. 2017;230:316–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.040 Zeng Z, Mao Z, Liu Y, Chen M, Xu Z, et al. Functional substances and therapeutic potential of kumquat essential oil. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2023;138:272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.06.003 Zeng Z, Mao Z, Liu Y, Chen M, Xu Z, et al. Functional substances and therapeutic potential of kumquat essential oil. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2023;138:272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.06.003 Erasto P, Viljoen AM. Limonene – A review: biosynthetic, ecological and pharmacological relevance. Natural Product Communications. 2008;3(7):1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0800300728 Erasto P, Viljoen AM. Limonene – A review: biosynthetic, ecological and pharmacological relevance. Natural Product Communications. 2008;3(7):1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0800300728 Liu X, Liu B, Jiang D, Zhu S, Shen W, et al. The accumulation and composition of essential oil in kumquat peel. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019;252(27):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.042 Liu X, Liu B, Jiang D, Zhu S, Shen W, et al. The accumulation and composition of essential oil in kumquat peel. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019;252(27):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.03.042 Ravichandran C, Badgujar PC, Gundev P, Upadhyay A. Review of toxicological assessment of d-limonene, a food and cosmetic additive. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018;12:668–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.052 Ravichandran C, Badgujar PC, Gundev P, Upadhyay A. Review of toxicological assessment of d-limonene, a food and cosmetic additive. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018;12:668–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.052 Lin H, Li Z, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, et al. D-Limonene: Promising and sustainable natural bioactive compound. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(11):4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114605 Lin H, Li Z, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, et al. D-Limonene: Promising and sustainable natural bioactive compound. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(11):4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114605 Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H. Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon-A review of the chemistry, pharmacological properties, applications in the modern pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies. Plants. 2020;9(1):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119 Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H. Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon-A review of the chemistry, pharmacological properties, applications in the modern pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies. Plants. 2020;9(1):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119 Jongedijk E, Cankar K, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J, Bouwmeester H, et al. Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2016;100(7):2927–2938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253- 016-7337-7 Jongedijk E, Cankar K, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J, Bouwmeester H, et al. Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2016;100(7):2927–2938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253- 016-7337-7 Sun J. D-Limonene: Safety and clinical applications. Alternative medicine review: A journal of clinical therapeutic. 2007;12(3):259–264. Sun J. D-Limonene: Safety and clinical applications. Alternative medicine review: A journal of clinical therapeutic. 2007;12(3):259–264. Kim YW, Kim MJ, Chung BY, Bang du Y, Lim SK, et al. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of d-Limonene. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2013;16(1):17–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2013.769418 Kim YW, Kim MJ, Chung BY, Bang du Y, Lim SK, et al. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of d-Limonene. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2013;16(1):17–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2013.769418 Bacanlı M. Limonene and ursolic acid in the treatment of diabetes: Citrus phenolic limonene, triterpenoid ursolic acid, antioxidants and diabetes. In: Diabetes. Elsevier. Amsterdam 2020;275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815776- 3.00027-9 Bacanlı M. Limonene and ursolic acid in the treatment of diabetes: Citrus phenolic limonene, triterpenoid ursolic acid, antioxidants and diabetes. In: Diabetes. Elsevier. Amsterdam 2020;275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815776- 3.00027-9 Trumble JT. Caveat emptor: Safety considerations for natural products sed in arthropod control. American Entomologist. 2002;48(1):7–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/48.1.7 Trumble JT. Caveat emptor: Safety considerations for natural products sed in arthropod control. American Entomologist. 2002;48(1):7–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/48.1.7 Roberto D, Micucci P, Sebastian T, Graciela F, Anesini C. Antioxidant activity of limonene on normal murine lymphocytes: Relation to H2O2 modulation and cell proliferation. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2010;106(1): 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00467.x Roberto D, Micucci P, Sebastian T, Graciela F, Anesini C. Antioxidant activity of limonene on normal murine lymphocytes: Relation to H2O2 modulation and cell proliferation. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2010;106(1): 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00467.x Choi H-S. Characteristic odor components of kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) peel oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(5):1642–1647. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040324x Choi H-S. Characteristic odor components of kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) peel oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(5):1642–1647. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040324x Odimegwu JI, Odukoya O, Yadav RK, Chanotiya CS, Ogbonnia S, et al. A new source of elemol rich essential oil and existence of multicellular oil glands in leaves of the Dioscorea species. The scientific World Journal. 2013;2013:943598. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/943598 Odimegwu JI, Odukoya O, Yadav RK, Chanotiya CS, Ogbonnia S, et al. A new source of elemol rich essential oil and existence of multicellular oil glands in leaves of the Dioscorea species. The scientific World Journal. 2013;2013:943598. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/943598 Acharya B, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of β-eudesmol. Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 2021;97(4):984–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13823 Acharya B, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of β-eudesmol. Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 2021;97(4):984–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13823 Choudhary MI, Batool I, Atif M, Hussain S, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of (-)-guaiol and antibacterial activity of its transformed products. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(5):849–852. https://doi.org/10.1021/np068052a Choudhary MI, Batool I, Atif M, Hussain S, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of (-)-guaiol and antibacterial activity of its transformed products. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(5):849–852. https://doi.org/10.1021/np068052a Mendes RF, Pinto NC, da Silva JM, da Silva JB, Hermisdorf RC, et al. The essential oil from the fruits of the Brazilian spice Xylopia sericea A. St.-Hil. presents expressive in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017;69(3):341–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12698 Mendes RF, Pinto NC, da Silva JM, da Silva JB, Hermisdorf RC, et al. The essential oil from the fruits of the Brazilian spice Xylopia sericea A. St.-Hil. presents expressive in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017;69(3):341–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12698 Liu T, Wang CJ, Xie HQ, Mu Q. Guaiol–a naturally occurring insecticidal sesquiterpene. Natural Product Communications. 2013;8(10):1353–1354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300801001 Liu T, Wang CJ, Xie HQ, Mu Q. Guaiol–a naturally occurring insecticidal sesquiterpene. Natural Product Communications. 2013;8(10):1353–1354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300801001 Yang X, Yang J, Gu X. (-)-Guaiol triggers immunogenic cell death and inhibits tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2023;478(7):1611–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-022-04613-y Yang X, Yang J, Gu X. (-)-Guaiol triggers immunogenic cell death and inhibits tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2023;478(7):1611–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-022-04613-y Doorandishan M, Gholami M, Ebrahimi P, Jassbi AR. Spathulenol as the most abundant component of essential oil of Moluccella aucheri (Boiss.) Scheen. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils. 2021;8(2):37–41. https://doi.org/10.37929/ nveo.817562 Doorandishan M, Gholami M, Ebrahimi P, Jassbi AR. Spathulenol as the most abundant component of essential oil of Moluccella aucheri (Boiss.) Scheen. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils. 2021;8(2):37–41. https://doi.org/10.37929/ nveo.817562 Bendaoud H, Romdhane M, Souchard JP, Cazaux S, Bouajila J. Chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi berries essential oils. Journal of Food Science. 2010; 75(6):466–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01711.x Bendaoud H, Romdhane M, Souchard JP, Cazaux S, Bouajila J. Chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi berries essential oils. Journal of Food Science. 2010; 75(6):466–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01711.x Ziaei A, Ramezani M, Wright L, Paetz C, Schneider B, et al. Identification of spathulenol in Salvia mirzayanii and the immunomodulatory effects. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25(4):557–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3289 Ziaei A, Ramezani M, Wright L, Paetz C, Schneider B, et al. Identification of spathulenol in Salvia mirzayanii and the immunomodulatory effects. Phytotherapy Research. 2011;25(4):557–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3289 do Nascimento KF, Moreira FMF, Alencar Santos J, Leite Kassuya CA, Croda JHR, et al. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative and antimycobacterial activities of the essential oil of Psidium guineense Sw. and spathulenol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018;210:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.030 do Nascimento KF, Moreira FMF, Alencar Santos J, Leite Kassuya CA, Croda JHR, et al. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative and antimycobacterial activities of the essential oil of Psidium guineense Sw. and spathulenol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018;210:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.030 Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Díaz J, Gil Á. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of essential oils: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112786 Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Díaz J, Gil Á. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of essential oils: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112786 Cantrell CL, Klun JA, Bryson CT, Kobaisy M, Duke SO. Isolation and identification of mosquito bite deterrent terpenoids from leaves of American (Callicarpa americana) and Japanese (Callicarpa japonica) beautyberry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(15):5948–5953. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0509308 Cantrell CL, Klun JA, Bryson CT, Kobaisy M, Duke SO. Isolation and identification of mosquito bite deterrent terpenoids from leaves of American (Callicarpa americana) and Japanese (Callicarpa japonica) beautyberry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(15):5948–5953. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0509308 Oshima Y, Iwakawa T, Hikino H. Alismol and alismoxide, sesquiterpenoids of Alisma Rhizomes. Phytochemistry. 1983;22(1):183–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80084-9 Oshima Y, Iwakawa T, Hikino H. Alismol and alismoxide, sesquiterpenoids of Alisma Rhizomes. Phytochemistry. 1983;22(1):183–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80084-9 Kubo M, Matsuda H, Tomohiro N, Yoshikawa M. Studies on Alismatis rhizoma. I. Anti-allergic effects of methanol extract and six terpene components from Alismatis rhizoma (Dried rhizome of Alisma orientale). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997;20(5):511–516. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.20.511 Kubo M, Matsuda H, Tomohiro N, Yoshikawa M. Studies on Alismatis rhizoma. I. Anti-allergic effects of methanol extract and six terpene components from Alismatis rhizoma (Dried rhizome of Alisma orientale). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997;20(5):511–516. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.20.511 Makino B, Kobayashi M, Kimura K, Ishimatsu M, Sakakibara I, et al. Local variation in the content of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin receptor antagonistic terpenoids in the rhizomes of Alisma orientale. Planta Medica. 2002;68(3): 226–231. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-23129 Makino B, Kobayashi M, Kimura K, Ishimatsu M, Sakakibara I, et al. Local variation in the content of angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin receptor antagonistic terpenoids in the rhizomes of Alisma orientale. Planta Medica. 2002;68(3): 226–231. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-23129 Matsuda H, Yamahara J, Kobayashi G, Fujimura H, Kurahashi K, et al. Effect of alismol on adrenergic mechanism in isolated rabbit ear artery. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1988;46(4):331–335. https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.46.331 Matsuda H, Yamahara J, Kobayashi G, Fujimura H, Kurahashi K, et al. Effect of alismol on adrenergic mechanism in isolated rabbit ear artery. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1988;46(4):331–335. https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.46.331 Feng H, Jiang Y, Cao H, Shu Y, Yang X, et al. Chemical characteristics of the sesquiterpenes and diterpenes from Lauraceae family and their multifaceted health benefits: A review. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12013. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.heliyon.2022.e12013 Feng H, Jiang Y, Cao H, Shu Y, Yang X, et al. Chemical characteristics of the sesquiterpenes and diterpenes from Lauraceae family and their multifaceted health benefits: A review. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12013. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.heliyon.2022.e12013 Li C, Yan W, Cui E, Changji Z. Anti-bacterial effect of phytoconstituents isolated from Alimatis rhizoma. Applied Biological Chemistry. 2021;64:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00583-1 Li C, Yan W, Cui E, Changji Z. Anti-bacterial effect of phytoconstituents isolated from Alimatis rhizoma. Applied Biological Chemistry. 2021;64:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00583-1