Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials 2308-4057 2310-9599 81159 10.21603/2308-4057-2025-1-623 Review Article Review Article Review Article Fruit phytochemicals: antioxidant activity and health-promoting properties Fruit phytochemicals: antioxidant activity and health-promoting properties https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-308X Danyo Emmanuel Kormla Danyo Emmanuel Kormla e.kdanyo@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-0523 Ivantsova Maria N. Ivantsova Maria N. Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin Yekaterinburg Россия Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin Yekaterinburg Russian Federation Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin Yekaterinburg Россия Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin Yekaterinburg Russian Federation 07 11 2024 07 11 2024 13 1 58 72 29 05 2023 03 10 2023 https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/22431/22453/

Synthesized in plants, polyphenols are powerful antioxidants and protect against stressful conditions. We aimed to identify different kinds of phytochemicals in fruits and provide detailed information on the roles they play in promoting good health in the human body. We also discussed the biological activities of phytochemicals found in several fruits. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were used to search for relevant information that could assist in answering our research questions. We selected and reviewed both research and review articles related to the purpose of our study. Fruits contain numerous antioxidants which neutralize the negative impact of free radicals on the body. Free radicals are destructive species that can be produced during normal body metabolism or come from exogenous sources such as smoking or exposure to radiation. Due to their unstable nature, they can cause damage to cellular macromolecules, resulting in the development of degenerative diseases. Phytochemicals are diverse groups of bioactive compounds found in fruits that have potent antioxidant activity and exhibit several health-promoting properties in both in vivo and in vitro studies. There are two major groups of antioxidants: natural (or dietary) antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants. Natural antioxidants have gained much popularity in recent times because of the safety concerns surrounding the use of synthetic antioxidants. The consumption of fruits plays a critical role in disease prevention, especially diseases resulting from oxidative damage to cells. The inclusion of fruits in one’s daily diet helps improve their overall wellbeing.

Synthesized in plants, polyphenols are powerful antioxidants and protect against stressful conditions. We aimed to identify different kinds of phytochemicals in fruits and provide detailed information on the roles they play in promoting good health in the human body. We also discussed the biological activities of phytochemicals found in several fruits. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were used to search for relevant information that could assist in answering our research questions. We selected and reviewed both research and review articles related to the purpose of our study. Fruits contain numerous antioxidants which neutralize the negative impact of free radicals on the body. Free radicals are destructive species that can be produced during normal body metabolism or come from exogenous sources such as smoking or exposure to radiation. Due to their unstable nature, they can cause damage to cellular macromolecules, resulting in the development of degenerative diseases. Phytochemicals are diverse groups of bioactive compounds found in fruits that have potent antioxidant activity and exhibit several health-promoting properties in both in vivo and in vitro studies. There are two major groups of antioxidants: natural (or dietary) antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants. Natural antioxidants have gained much popularity in recent times because of the safety concerns surrounding the use of synthetic antioxidants. The consumption of fruits plays a critical role in disease prevention, especially diseases resulting from oxidative damage to cells. The inclusion of fruits in one’s daily diet helps improve their overall wellbeing.

 Fruits antioxidants bioavailability polyphenols carotenoids biological activity Fruits antioxidants bioavailability polyphenols carotenoids biological activity

Khoo H-E, Nagendra Prasad K, Kong K-W, Jiang Y, Ismail A. Carotenoids and their isomers: Color pigments in fruits and vegetables. Molecules. 2011;16(2):1710–1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021710 Khoo H-E, Nagendra Prasad K, Kong K-W, Jiang Y, Ismail A. Carotenoids and their isomers: Color pigments in fruits and vegetables. Molecules. 2011;16(2):1710–1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021710 Toydemir G, Gultekin Subasi B, Hall RD, Beekwilder J, Boyacioglu D, Capanoglu E. Effect of food processing on antioxidants, their bioavailability and potential relevance to human health. Food Chemistry: X. 2022;14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100334 Toydemir G, Gultekin Subasi B, Hall RD, Beekwilder J, Boyacioglu D, Capanoglu E. Effect of food processing on antioxidants, their bioavailability and potential relevance to human health. Food Chemistry: X. 2022;14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100334 Dontha S. A review on antioxidant methods. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;9(2):14–32. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13092 Dontha S. A review on antioxidant methods. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;9(2):14–32. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13092 Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2007;257(1–2):221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.033 Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2007;257(1–2):221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.033 Martí N, Mena P, Cánovas JA, Micol V, Saura D. Vitamin C and the role of citrus juices as functional food. Natural Product Communications. 2009;4(5):677–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400506 Martí N, Mena P, Cánovas JA, Micol V, Saura D. Vitamin C and the role of citrus juices as functional food. Natural Product Communications. 2009;4(5):677–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900400506 Jacob K, Periago MJ, Böhm V, Berruezo GR. Influence of lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;99(1):137–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507791894 Jacob K, Periago MJ, Böhm V, Berruezo GR. Influence of lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;99(1):137–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507791894 Habanova M, Saraiva JA, Holovicova M, Moreira SA, Fidalgo LG, Haban M, et al. Effect of berries/apple mixed juice consumption on the positive modulation of human lipid profile. Journal of Functional Foods. 2019;60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103417 Habanova M, Saraiva JA, Holovicova M, Moreira SA, Fidalgo LG, Haban M, et al. Effect of berries/apple mixed juice consumption on the positive modulation of human lipid profile. Journal of Functional Foods. 2019;60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103417 Starowicz M, Achrem-Achremowicz B, Piskuła MK, Zieliński H. Phenolic compounds from apples: Reviewing their occurrence, absorption, bioavailability, processing, and antioxidant activity – A review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2020;70(4):321–336. https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns/127635 Starowicz M, Achrem-Achremowicz B, Piskuła MK, Zieliński H. Phenolic compounds from apples: Reviewing their occurrence, absorption, bioavailability, processing, and antioxidant activity – A review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2020;70(4):321–336. https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns/127635 Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Washington: AICR; 2007. 14 p. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective. Washington: AICR; 2007. 14 p. Saad B, Sing YY, Nawi MA, Hashim NH, Mohamed Ali AS, Saleh MI, et al. Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in food items using reversed-phase HPLC. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(1):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.025 Saad B, Sing YY, Nawi MA, Hashim NH, Mohamed Ali AS, Saleh MI, et al. Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in food items using reversed-phase HPLC. Food Chemistry. 2007;105(1):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.025 Szymanska R, Pospíšil P, Kruk J. Plant-derived antioxidants in disease prevention 2018. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018;2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2068370 Szymanska R, Pospíšil P, Kruk J. Plant-derived antioxidants in disease prevention 2018. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018;2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2068370 Li H, Tsao R, Deng Z. Factors affecting the antioxidant potential and health benefits of plant foods. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2012;92:1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-239 Li H, Tsao R, Deng Z. Factors affecting the antioxidant potential and health benefits of plant foods. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 2012;92:1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-239 Fernandez-Panchon MS, Villano D, Troncoso AM, Garcia-Parrilla MC. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;48(7):649–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701761845 Fernandez-Panchon MS, Villano D, Troncoso AM, Garcia-Parrilla MC. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;48(7):649–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701761845 Hajhashemi V, Vaseghi G, Pourfarzam M, Abdollahi A. Are antioxidants helpful for disease prevention? Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;5(1):1–8. Hajhashemi V, Vaseghi G, Pourfarzam M, Abdollahi A. Are antioxidants helpful for disease prevention? Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;5(1):1–8. Rudrapal M, Khairnar SJ, Khan J, Dukhyil AB, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, et al. Dietary polyphenols and their role in oxidative stress-induced human diseases: Insights into protective effects, antioxidant potentials and mechanism(s) of action. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.806470 Rudrapal M, Khairnar SJ, Khan J, Dukhyil AB, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, et al. Dietary polyphenols and their role in oxidative stress-induced human diseases: Insights into protective effects, antioxidant potentials and mechanism(s) of action. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.806470 Djenidi H, Khennouf S, Bouaziz A. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(1):224–235. Djenidi H, Khennouf S, Bouaziz A. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(1):224–235. Law BMH, Waye MMY, So WKW, Chair SY. Hypotheses on the potential of rice bran intake to prevent gastrointestinal cancer through the modulation of oxidative stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017;18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071352 Law BMH, Waye MMY, So WKW, Chair SY. Hypotheses on the potential of rice bran intake to prevent gastrointestinal cancer through the modulation of oxidative stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017;18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071352 Wang S, Melnyk JP, Tsao R, Marcone MF. How natural dietary antioxidants in fruits, vegetables and legumes promote vascular health. Food Research International. 2011;44(1):14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.028 Wang S, Melnyk JP, Tsao R, Marcone MF. How natural dietary antioxidants in fruits, vegetables and legumes promote vascular health. Food Research International. 2011;44(1):14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.028 Law MR, Morris JK. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;52:549–556. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600603 Law MR, Morris JK. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998;52:549–556. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600603 Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;26(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.1 Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;26(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.1.1 Ramadan S, Ibrahim AAA. Fruits and vegetables as sources of functional phytochemicals for the prevention and management of obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In: Egbuna C, Hassan S, editors. Dietary phytochemicals. A source of novel bioactive compounds for the treatment of obesity, cancer and diabetes. Cham: Springer; 2021. pp. 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72999-8_8 Ramadan S, Ibrahim AAA. Fruits and vegetables as sources of functional phytochemicals for the prevention and management of obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In: Egbuna C, Hassan S, editors. Dietary phytochemicals. A source of novel bioactive compounds for the treatment of obesity, cancer and diabetes. Cham: Springer; 2021. pp. 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72999-8_8 Langston FMA, Nash GR, Bows JR. The retention and bioavailability of phytochemicals in the manufacturing of baked snacks. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2023;63(14):2141–2177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1971944 Langston FMA, Nash GR, Bows JR. The retention and bioavailability of phytochemicals in the manufacturing of baked snacks. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2023;63(14):2141–2177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1971944 Boyer J, Liu RH. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal. 2004;3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-5 Boyer J, Liu RH. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal. 2004;3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-5 Bartley GE, Scolnik PA. Plant carotenoids: Pigments for photoprotection, visual attraction, and human health. The Plant Cell. 19985;7(7):1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.7.1027 Bartley GE, Scolnik PA. Plant carotenoids: Pigments for photoprotection, visual attraction, and human health. The Plant Cell. 19985;7(7):1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.7.1027 Marín A, Ferreres F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Gil MI. Characterization and quantitation of antioxidant constituents of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(12):3861–3869. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0497915 Marín A, Ferreres F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Gil MI. Characterization and quantitation of antioxidant constituents of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(12):3861–3869. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0497915 Saini RK, Nile SH, Park SW. Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities. Food Research International. 2015;76(3):735–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.047 Saini RK, Nile SH, Park SW. Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities. Food Research International. 2015;76(3):735–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.047 Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mapelli-Brahm P, Benítez-González A, Stinco CM. A comprehensive review on the colorless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015;572:188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.003 Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mapelli-Brahm P, Benítez-González A, Stinco CM. A comprehensive review on the colorless carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015;572:188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.003 Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mandić AI, Bantis F, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Brnčić M, et al. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: Status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022;62(8):1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959 Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Mandić AI, Bantis F, Böhm V, Borge GIA, Brnčić M, et al. A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: Status quo, applications, patents, and research needs. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022;62(8):1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1867959 Maoka T. Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2020;74:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x Maoka T. Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2020;74:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x Chandra S, Sah K, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V, Shetty A, Ammanagi R, et al. Additive and synergistic effect of phytochemicals in prevention of oral cancer. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2012;1(3):142–147. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.105354 Chandra S, Sah K, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V, Shetty A, Ammanagi R, et al. Additive and synergistic effect of phytochemicals in prevention of oral cancer. European Journal of General Dentistry. 2012;1(3):142–147. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.105354 Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson Å, Duan R-D. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(24):7264–7271. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030479p Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson Å, Duan R-D. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52(24):7264–7271. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030479p Nurul Fuad NI, Sekar M, Gan SH, Lum PT, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S. Lutein: A comprehensive review on its chemical, biological activities and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2020;12(6s):1769–1778. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.239 Nurul Fuad NI, Sekar M, Gan SH, Lum PT, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S. Lutein: A comprehensive review on its chemical, biological activities and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2020;12(6s):1769–1778. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.239 Sathasivam R, Ki J-S. A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Marine Drugs. 2018;16(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/md16010026 Sathasivam R, Ki J-S. A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Marine Drugs. 2018;16(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/md16010026 Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, et al. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Progress in Lipid Research. 2018;70:62–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004 Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, et al. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Progress in Lipid Research. 2018;70:62–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004 Burri BJ, la Frano MR, Zhu C. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of β-cryptoxanthin. Nutrition Reviews. 2016;74(2):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv064 Burri BJ, la Frano MR, Zhu C. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of β-cryptoxanthin. Nutrition Reviews. 2016;74(2):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv064 Fernández-García E, Carvajal-Lérida I, Jarén-Galán M, Garrido-Fernández J, Pérez-Gálvez A, Hornero-Méndez D. Carotenoids bioavailability from foods: From plant pigments to efficient biological activities. Food Research International. 2012;46(2):438–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.007 Fernández-García E, Carvajal-Lérida I, Jarén-Galán M, Garrido-Fernández J, Pérez-Gálvez A, Hornero-Méndez D. Carotenoids bioavailability from foods: From plant pigments to efficient biological activities. Food Research International. 2012;46(2):438–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.007 Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Advances in Nutrition. 2013;4(3):384S–392S. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003517 Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Advances in Nutrition. 2013;4(3):384S–392S. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003517 Khan J, Deb PK, Priya S, Medina KD, Devi R, Walode SG, et al. Dietary flavonoids: Cardioprotective potential with antioxidant effects and their pharmacokinetic, toxicological and therapeutic concerns. Molecules. 2021;26(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134021 Khan J, Deb PK, Priya S, Medina KD, Devi R, Walode SG, et al. Dietary flavonoids: Cardioprotective potential with antioxidant effects and their pharmacokinetic, toxicological and therapeutic concerns. Molecules. 2021;26(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134021 Khan UM, Sevindik M, Zarrabi A, Nami M, Ozdemir B, Kaplan DN, et al. Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2713511 Khan UM, Sevindik M, Zarrabi A, Nami M, Ozdemir B, Kaplan DN, et al. Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2713511 Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P, Chandrasekara A. Recent advances in phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. In: Yahia EM, editor. Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry and human health, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. pp. 1323–1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119158042.ch71 Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P, Chandrasekara A. Recent advances in phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. In: Yahia EM, editor. Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry and human health, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. pp. 1323–1356. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119158042.ch71 Sova M, Saso L. Natural sources, pharmacokinetics, biological activities and health benefits of hydroxycinnamic acids and their metabolites. Nutrients. 2020;12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082190 Sova M, Saso L. Natural sources, pharmacokinetics, biological activities and health benefits of hydroxycinnamic acids and their metabolites. Nutrients. 2020;12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082190 Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;55(6):481–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1 Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;55(6):481–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1 Rudrapal M, Chetia D. Plant flavonoids as potential source of future antimalarial leads. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2017;8(1):13–18. Rudrapal M, Chetia D. Plant flavonoids as potential source of future antimalarial leads. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2017;8(1):13–18. Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM. Natural product polyphenols of relevance to human health. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004;42(1):46–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200490893519 Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM. Natural product polyphenols of relevance to human health. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2004;42(1):46–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200490893519 Faller ALK, Fialho E. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2010;23(6):561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.01.003 Faller ALK, Fialho E. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2010;23(6):561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.01.003 King A, Young G. Characteristics and occurrence of phenolic phytochemicals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999;99(2):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00051-6 King A, Young G. Characteristics and occurrence of phenolic phytochemicals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999;99(2):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00051-6 Preti R, Tarola AM. Study of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and minerals for the valorisation of ancient apple cultivars from Northeast Italy. European Food Research and Technology. 2021;247:273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03624-7 Preti R, Tarola AM. Study of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and minerals for the valorisation of ancient apple cultivars from Northeast Italy. European Food Research and Technology. 2021;247:273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03624-7 Bohn T. Dietary factors affecting polyphenol bioavailability. Nutrition Reviews. 2014;72(7):429–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12114 Bohn T. Dietary factors affecting polyphenol bioavailability. Nutrition Reviews. 2014;72(7):429–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12114 Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79(5):727–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727 Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79(5):727–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727 Patel SS, Goyal RK. Biotransformation of gallotannins from fresh fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in in-vitro system. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 2013;7(1):18–23. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2013.18.23 Patel SS, Goyal RK. Biotransformation of gallotannins from fresh fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in in-vitro system. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 2013;7(1):18–23. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2013.18.23 Lipińska L, Klewicka E, Sójka M. The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: A general review. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria. 2014;13(3):289–299. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2014.3.7 Lipińska L, Klewicka E, Sójka M. The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: A general review. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria. 2014;13(3):289–299. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2014.3.7 Kong M, Xie K, Lv M, Li J, Yao J, Yan K, et al. Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2021;133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110975 Kong M, Xie K, Lv M, Li J, Yao J, Yan K, et al. Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2021;133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110975 Debnath B, Singh WS, Das M, Goswami S, Manna K. Biodynamic activities of ellagic acid: A dietary polyphenol. Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine. 2020;3(2). https://doi.org/10.4103/JNSM.JNSM_32_19 Debnath B, Singh WS, Das M, Goswami S, Manna K. Biodynamic activities of ellagic acid: A dietary polyphenol. Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine. 2020;3(2). https://doi.org/10.4103/JNSM.JNSM_32_19 Fu L, Xu B-T, Xu X-R, Gan R-Y, Zhang Y, Xia E-Q, et al. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 62 fruits. Food Chemistry. 2011;129(2):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.079 Fu L, Xu B-T, Xu X-R, Gan R-Y, Zhang Y, Xia E-Q, et al. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 62 fruits. Food Chemistry. 2011;129(2):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.079 Bai J, Zhang Y, Tang C, Hou Y, Ai X, Chen X, et al. Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2021;133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985 Bai J, Zhang Y, Tang C, Hou Y, Ai X, Chen X, et al. Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2021;133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985 Khoo HE, Azlan A, Kong KW, Ismail A. Phytochemicals and medicinal properties of indigenous tropical fruits with potential for commercial development. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7591951 Khoo HE, Azlan A, Kong KW, Ismail A. Phytochemicals and medicinal properties of indigenous tropical fruits with potential for commercial development. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7591951 Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, Yang Z, Qiu M, Wang J, et al. Anthocyanins: Promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities. Molecules. 2021;26(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133807 Liu J, Zhou H, Song L, Yang Z, Qiu M, Wang J, et al. Anthocyanins: Promising natural products with diverse pharmacological activities. Molecules. 2021;26(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133807 Anand David AV, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2016;10(20):84–89. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044 Anand David AV, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2016;10(20):84–89. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044 Bae J, Kim N, Shin Y, Kim S-Y, Kim Y-J. Activity of catechins and their applications. Biomedical Dermatology. 2020;4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-020-0057-8 Bae J, Kim N, Shin Y, Kim S-Y, Kim Y-J. Activity of catechins and their applications. Biomedical Dermatology. 2020;4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-020-0057-8 Naveed M, Hejazi V, Abbas M, Ali Kamboh A, Khan GJ, Shumzaid M, et al. Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2018;97:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064 Naveed M, Hejazi V, Abbas M, Ali Kamboh A, Khan GJ, Shumzaid M, et al. Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2018;97:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064 Salehi B, Tsouh Fokou PV, Sharifi-Rad M, Zucca P, Pezzani R, Martins N, et al. The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12010011 Salehi B, Tsouh Fokou PV, Sharifi-Rad M, Zucca P, Pezzani R, Martins N, et al. The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12010011 Chen R, Qi Q-L, Wang M-T, Li Q-Y. Therapeutic potential of naringin: An overview. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2016;54(12):3203–3210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1216131 Chen R, Qi Q-L, Wang M-T, Li Q-Y. Therapeutic potential of naringin: An overview. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2016;54(12):3203–3210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1216131 Kanazawa K, Sakakibara H. High content of dopamine, a strong antioxidant, in Cavendish banana. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;48(3):844–848. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9909860 Kanazawa K, Sakakibara H. High content of dopamine, a strong antioxidant, in Cavendish banana. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;48(3):844–848. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9909860 Majdan M, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Active compounds in fruits and inflammation in the body. Nutrients. 2022;14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122496 Majdan M, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Active compounds in fruits and inflammation in the body. Nutrients. 2022;14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122496 Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, Toledo E, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Gaforio JJ. Naturally lignan-rich foods: A dietary tool for health promotion? Molecules. 2019;24(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050917 Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, Toledo E, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Gaforio JJ. Naturally lignan-rich foods: A dietary tool for health promotion? Molecules. 2019;24(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050917 Zhang J, Chen J, Liang Z, Zhao C. New lignans and their biological activities. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2014;11(1):1–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100433 Zhang J, Chen J, Liang Z, Zhao C. New lignans and their biological activities. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2014;11(1):1–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100433 Campos-Vidal Y, Herrera-Ruiz M, Trejo-Tapia G, Gonzalez-Cortazar M, Aparicio AJ, Zamilpa A. Gastroprotective activity of kaempferol glycosides from Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113633 Campos-Vidal Y, Herrera-Ruiz M, Trejo-Tapia G, Gonzalez-Cortazar M, Aparicio AJ, Zamilpa A. Gastroprotective activity of kaempferol glycosides from Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113633 Kim JK, Park SU. Recent studies on kaempferol and its biological and pharmacological activities. EXCLI Journal. 2020;19:627–634. Kim JK, Park SU. Recent studies on kaempferol and its biological and pharmacological activities. EXCLI Journal. 2020;19:627–634. Kim TW, Lee SY, Kim M, Cheon C, Ko S-G. Kaempferol induces autophagic cell death via IRE1-JNK-CHOP pathway and inhibition of G9a in gastric cancer cells. Cell Death and Disease. 2018;9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0930-1 Kim TW, Lee SY, Kim M, Cheon C, Ko S-G. Kaempferol induces autophagic cell death via IRE1-JNK-CHOP pathway and inhibition of G9a in gastric cancer cells. Cell Death and Disease. 2018;9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0930-1 Lopez-Lazaro M. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2009;9(1):31–59. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955709787001712 Lopez-Lazaro M. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2009;9(1):31–59. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955709787001712 Ranjan A, Ramachandran S, Gupta N, Kaushik I, Wright S, Srivastava S, et al. Role of phytochemicals in cancer prevention. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204981 Ranjan A, Ramachandran S, Gupta N, Kaushik I, Wright S, Srivastava S, et al. Role of phytochemicals in cancer prevention. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204981 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018;68(6):394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018;68(6):394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 Nussbaumer S, Bonnabry P, Veuthey J-L, Fleury-Souverain S. Analysis of anticancer drugs: A review. Talanta. 2011;85(5):2265–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034 Nussbaumer S, Bonnabry P, Veuthey J-L, Fleury-Souverain S. Analysis of anticancer drugs: A review. Talanta. 2011;85(5):2265–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034 George BP, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Role of phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention: Insights. Antioxidants. 2021;10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091455 George BP, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Role of phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention: Insights. Antioxidants. 2021;10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091455 Landis-Piwowar KR, Iyer NR. Cancer chemoprevention: Current state of the art. Cancer Growth and Metastasis. 2014;7:19–25. https://doi.org/10.4137/CGM.S11288 Landis-Piwowar KR, Iyer NR. Cancer chemoprevention: Current state of the art. Cancer Growth and Metastasis. 2014;7:19–25. https://doi.org/10.4137/CGM.S11288 Choudhari AS, Mandave PC, Deshpande M, Ranjekar P, Prakash O. Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: From preclinical studies to clinical practice. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020;10. Choudhari AS, Mandave PC, Deshpande M, Ranjekar P, Prakash O. Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: From preclinical studies to clinical practice. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020;10. Lee W-L, Huang J-Y, Shyur L-F. Phytoagents for cancer management: Regulation of nucleic acid oxidation, ROS, and related mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013;2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/925804 Lee W-L, Huang J-Y, Shyur L-F. Phytoagents for cancer management: Regulation of nucleic acid oxidation, ROS, and related mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013;2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/925804 Lu L, Zhao Z, Liu L, Gong W, Dong J. Combination of baicalein and docetaxel additively inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer in vivo. Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine. 2018;01(03):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2575900018500131 Lu L, Zhao Z, Liu L, Gong W, Dong J. Combination of baicalein and docetaxel additively inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer in vivo. Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine. 2018;01(03):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2575900018500131 Yan X-B, Xie T, Wang SD, Wang Z, Li H-Y, Ye Z-M. Apigenin inhibits proliferation of human chondrosarcoma cells via cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis induced by ROS generation-an in vitro and in vivo study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2018;11(3):1615–1631. Yan X-B, Xie T, Wang SD, Wang Z, Li H-Y, Ye Z-M. Apigenin inhibits proliferation of human chondrosarcoma cells via cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis induced by ROS generation-an in vitro and in vivo study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2018;11(3):1615–1631. Madunić J, Madunić IV, Gajski G, Popić J, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Apigenin: A dietary flavonoid with diverse anticancer properties. Cancer Letters. 2018;413:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.041 Madunić J, Madunić IV, Gajski G, Popić J, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Apigenin: A dietary flavonoid with diverse anticancer properties. Cancer Letters. 2018;413:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.041 Banerjee S, Bueso-Ramos C, Aggarwal BB. Suppression of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by resveratrol: role of nuclear factor-kB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloprotease 9. Cancer Research. 2002;62:4945–4954. Banerjee S, Bueso-Ramos C, Aggarwal BB. Suppression of 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by resveratrol: role of nuclear factor-kB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloprotease 9. Cancer Research. 2002;62:4945–4954. Kimura Y, Okuda H. Resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum root prevents tumor growth and metastasis to lung and tumor-induced neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(6):1844–1849. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1844 Kimura Y, Okuda H. Resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum root prevents tumor growth and metastasis to lung and tumor-induced neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. The Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(6):1844–1849. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1844 Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L. Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2013;59(3):213–223. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.213 Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L. Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2013;59(3):213–223. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.213 Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2008;52(5):507–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700326 Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2008;52(5):507–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700326 Improving care and promoting health in populations: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:S7–S12. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S001 Improving care and promoting health in populations: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:S7–S12. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S001 Pollack RM, Donath MY, LeRoith D, Leibowitz G. Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S244–S252. https://doi.org/10.2337/dcS15-3015 Pollack RM, Donath MY, LeRoith D, Leibowitz G. Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S244–S252. https://doi.org/10.2337/dcS15-3015 Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444:860–867. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05485 Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444:860–867. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05485 Zhao C, Yang C, Wai STC, Zhang Y, Portillo MP, Paoli P, et al. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2019;59(6):830–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658 Zhao C, Yang C, Wai STC, Zhang Y, Portillo MP, Paoli P, et al. Regulation of glucose metabolism by bioactive phytochemicals for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2019;59(6):830–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1501658 He L, Wang H, Gu C, He X, Zhao L, Tong X. Administration of traditional Chinese blood circulation activating drugs for microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1081657 He L, Wang H, Gu C, He X, Zhao L, Tong X. Administration of traditional Chinese blood circulation activating drugs for microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1081657 Xie W, Du L. Diabetes is an inflammatory disease: Evidence from traditional Chinese medicines. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2010;13(4):289–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01336.x Xie W, Du L. Diabetes is an inflammatory disease: Evidence from traditional Chinese medicines. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2010;13(4):289–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01336.x Bailey CJ, Day C. Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(8):553–564. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.12.8.553 Bailey CJ, Day C. Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(8):553–564. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.12.8.553 Keshari AK, Kumar G, Kushwaha PS, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Rawat A, et al. Isolated flavonoids from Ficus racemosa stem bark possess antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and protective effects in albino Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2016;181:252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.004 Keshari AK, Kumar G, Kushwaha PS, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Rawat A, et al. Isolated flavonoids from Ficus racemosa stem bark possess antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and protective effects in albino Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2016;181:252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.004 Rebhun JF, Glynn KM, Missler SR. Identification of glabridin as a bioactive compound in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) extract that activates human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Fitoterapia. 2015;106:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.004 Rebhun JF, Glynn KM, Missler SR. Identification of glabridin as a bioactive compound in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) extract that activates human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Fitoterapia. 2015;106:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.004 Teoh SL, Das S. Phytochemicals and their effective role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: A short review. Phytochemistry Reviews.2018;17:1111–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9575-z Teoh SL, Das S. Phytochemicals and their effective role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: A short review. Phytochemistry Reviews.2018;17:1111–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9575-z Gaikwad SB, Krishna Mohan G, Rani MS. Phytochemicals for diabetes management. Pharmaceutical Crops. 2014;5:11–28. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601405010011 Gaikwad SB, Krishna Mohan G, Rani MS. Phytochemicals for diabetes management. Pharmaceutical Crops. 2014;5:11–28. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601405010011 Kim JG, Lim BO. Anti-inflammatory activity of fruit such as berries on the body. Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2. Kim JG, Lim BO. Anti-inflammatory activity of fruit such as berries on the body. Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2. Tan WSD, Liao W, Zhou S, Wong WSF. Is there a future for andrographolide to be an anti-inflammatory drug? Deciphering its major mechanisms of action. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2017;139:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.024 Tan WSD, Liao W, Zhou S, Wong WSF. Is there a future for andrographolide to be an anti-inflammatory drug? Deciphering its major mechanisms of action. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2017;139:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.024 Kim K-M, Kwon Y-G, Chung H-T, Yun Y-G, Pae H-O, Han J-A, et al. Methanol extract of Cordyceps pruinosa inhibits in vitro and in vivo inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB activation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003;190(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00152-2 Kim K-M, Kwon Y-G, Chung H-T, Yun Y-G, Pae H-O, Han J-A, et al. Methanol extract of Cordyceps pruinosa inhibits in vitro and in vivo inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB activation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003;190(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00152-2 Maleki SJ, Crespo JF, Cabanillas B. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids. Food Chemistry. 2019;299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125124 Maleki SJ, Crespo JF, Cabanillas B. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids. Food Chemistry. 2019;299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125124 Zhu F, Du B, Xu B. Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2018;58(8):1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1251390 Zhu F, Du B, Xu B. Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2018;58(8):1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1251390 Deng S, Palu AK, West BJ, Su CX, Zhou B-N, Jensen JC. Lipoxygenase inhibitory constituents of the fruits of noni (Morinda citrifolia) collected in Tahiti. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(5):859–862. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0605539 Deng S, Palu AK, West BJ, Su CX, Zhou B-N, Jensen JC. Lipoxygenase inhibitory constituents of the fruits of noni (Morinda citrifolia) collected in Tahiti. Journal of Natural Products. 2007;70(5):859–862. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0605539 Xiao X, Shi D, Liu L, Wang J, Xie X, Kang T, et al. Quercetin suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression and angiogenesis through inactivation of P300 signaling. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022934 Xiao X, Shi D, Liu L, Wang J, Xie X, Kang T, et al. Quercetin suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression and angiogenesis through inactivation of P300 signaling. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022934 Benavente-García O, Castillo J. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(15):6185–6205. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8006568 Benavente-García O, Castillo J. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008;56(15):6185–6205. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8006568 Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2004;96(3):229–245. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.CRJ04003X Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2004;96(3):229–245. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.CRJ04003X Oroian M, Escriche I. Antioxidants: Characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International. 2015;74:10–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.018 Oroian M, Escriche I. Antioxidants: Characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International. 2015;74:10–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.018 Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 2008;4(2):89–96. https://doi.org/10.59566/IJBS.2008.4089 Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 2008;4(2):89–96. https://doi.org/10.59566/IJBS.2008.4089 Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahu A, et al. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Research International. 2008;41(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2007.10.001 Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahu A, et al. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Research International. 2008;41(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2007.10.001 Negi PS. Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: Efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2012;156(1):7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006 Negi PS. Plant extracts for the control of bacterial growth: Efficacy, stability and safety issues for food application. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2012;156(1):7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.006 Oz AT, Kafkas E. Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. In: Waisundara VY, Shiomi N, editors. Superfood and functional food – An overview of their processing and utilization. IntechOpen; 2017. https://doi.org/10.5772/66987 Oz AT, Kafkas E. Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. In: Waisundara VY, Shiomi N, editors. Superfood and functional food – An overview of their processing and utilization. IntechOpen; 2017. https://doi.org/10.5772/66987 Sikora E, Cieślik E, Topolska K. The sources of natural antioxidants. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2008;7(1):5–17. Sikora E, Cieślik E, Topolska K. The sources of natural antioxidants. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2008;7(1):5–17. Tekos F, Makri S, Skaperda Z-V, Patouna A, Terizi K, Kyriazis ID, et al. Assessment of antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of red and white wine extracts in vitro. Metabolites. 2021;11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070436 Tekos F, Makri S, Skaperda Z-V, Patouna A, Terizi K, Kyriazis ID, et al. Assessment of antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of red and white wine extracts in vitro. Metabolites. 2021;11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070436 Prakash D, Upadhyay G, Pushpangadan P, Gupta C. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some fruits. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2011;8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1513 Prakash D, Upadhyay G, Pushpangadan P, Gupta C. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some fruits. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2011;8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1513 Zhang Y-J, Gan R-Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Li A-N, Xu D-P, et al. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules. 2015;20(12):21138–21156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753 Zhang Y-J, Gan R-Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Li A-N, Xu D-P, et al. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules. 2015;20(12):21138–21156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753 Park S-E, Sapkota K, Choi J-H, Kim M-K, Kim YH, Kim KM, et al. Rutin from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille protects human dopaminergic cells against rotenone induced cell injury through inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK signaling. Neurochemical Research. 2014;39:707–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1259-5 Park S-E, Sapkota K, Choi J-H, Kim M-K, Kim YH, Kim KM, et al. Rutin from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille protects human dopaminergic cells against rotenone induced cell injury through inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK signaling. Neurochemical Research. 2014;39:707–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1259-5 Sidhu JS, Zafar TA. Bioactive compounds in banana fruits and their health benefits. Food Quality and Safety. 2018;2(4):183–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy019 Sidhu JS, Zafar TA. Bioactive compounds in banana fruits and their health benefits. Food Quality and Safety. 2018;2(4):183–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy019 Walia A, Gupta AK, Sharma V. Role of bioactive compounds in human health. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences. 2019;3(9):25–33. Walia A, Gupta AK, Sharma V. Role of bioactive compounds in human health. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences. 2019;3(9):25–33. Ferreira Gomes CC, de Siqueira Oliveira L, Rodrigues DC, Ribeiro PRV, Canuto KM, Duarte ASG, et al. Evidence for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in naproxen‐induced gastric lesions in rat. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2021;46(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13880 Ferreira Gomes CC, de Siqueira Oliveira L, Rodrigues DC, Ribeiro PRV, Canuto KM, Duarte ASG, et al. Evidence for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in naproxen‐induced gastric lesions in rat. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2021;46(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13880 Epriliati I, Irine R. Bioavailability of phytochemicals. In: Rao AV, editor. Phytochemicals – A global perspective of their role in nutrition and health. IntechOpen; 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/26702 Epriliati I, Irine R. Bioavailability of phytochemicals. In: Rao AV, editor. Phytochemicals – A global perspective of their role in nutrition and health. IntechOpen; 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/26702 Felgines C, Talavéra S, Texier O, Lamaison J-L, Gonthier M-P, Scalbert A, et al. Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. The Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133(5):1296–1301. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1296 Felgines C, Talavéra S, Texier O, Lamaison J-L, Gonthier M-P, Scalbert A, et al. Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. The Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133(5):1296–1301. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.5.1296 Williamson G, Manach C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;81(1):243S–255S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.243S Williamson G, Manach C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;81(1):243S–255S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.243S Lewandowska U, Szewczyk K, Hrabec E, Janecka A, Gorlach S. Overview of metabolism and bioavailability enhancement of polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(50):12183–12199. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404439b Lewandowska U, Szewczyk K, Hrabec E, Janecka A, Gorlach S. Overview of metabolism and bioavailability enhancement of polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013;61(50):12183–12199. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404439b Shi M, Gu J, Wu H, Rauf A, Emran TB, Khan Z, et al. Phytochemicals, nutrition, metabolism, bioavailability, and health benefits in lettuce – A comprehensive review. Antioxidants. 2022;11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061158 Shi M, Gu J, Wu H, Rauf A, Emran TB, Khan Z, et al. Phytochemicals, nutrition, metabolism, bioavailability, and health benefits in lettuce – A comprehensive review. Antioxidants. 2022;11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061158 Polia F, Pastor-Belda M, Martínez-Blázquez A, Horcajada M-N, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Villalba R. Technological and biotechnological processes to enhance the bioavailability of dietary (poly)phenols in humans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2022;70(7):2092–2107. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07198 Polia F, Pastor-Belda M, Martínez-Blázquez A, Horcajada M-N, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Villalba R. Technological and biotechnological processes to enhance the bioavailability of dietary (poly)phenols in humans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2022;70(7):2092–2107. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07198 Selma MV, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;57(15):6485–6501. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902107d Selma MV, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;57(15):6485–6501. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902107d Lu Y, Bennick A. Interaction of tannin with human salivary proline-rich proteins. Archives of Oral Biology. 1998;43(9):717–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(98)00040-5 Lu Y, Bennick A. Interaction of tannin with human salivary proline-rich proteins. Archives of Oral Biology. 1998;43(9):717–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(98)00040-5 Wróblewski K, Muhandiram R, Chakrabartty A, Bennick A. The molecular interaction of human salivary histatins with polyphenolic compounds. European Journal of Biochemistry. 2001;268(16):4384–4397. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02350.x Wróblewski K, Muhandiram R, Chakrabartty A, Bennick A. The molecular interaction of human salivary histatins with polyphenolic compounds. European Journal of Biochemistry. 2001;268(16):4384–4397. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02350.x Arts MJTJ, Haenen GRMM, Wilms LC, Beetstra SAJN, Heijnen CGM, Voss H-P, et al. Interactions between flavonoids and proteins: Effect on the total antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(5):1184–1187. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010855a Arts MJTJ, Haenen GRMM, Wilms LC, Beetstra SAJN, Heijnen CGM, Voss H-P, et al. Interactions between flavonoids and proteins: Effect on the total antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(5):1184–1187. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010855a Velderrain-Rodríguez GR, Palafox-Carlos H, Wall-Medrano A, Ayala-Zavala JF, Chen C-YO, Robles-Sánchez M, et al. Phenolic compounds: Their journey after intake. Food and Function. 2014;5:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3FO60361J Velderrain-Rodríguez GR, Palafox-Carlos H, Wall-Medrano A, Ayala-Zavala JF, Chen C-YO, Robles-Sánchez M, et al. Phenolic compounds: Their journey after intake. Food and Function. 2014;5:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3FO60361J Laurent C, Besançon P, Caporiccio B. Flavonoids from a grape seed extract interact with digestive secretions and intestinal cells as assessed in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Food Chemistry. 2007;100(4):1704–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.016 Laurent C, Besançon P, Caporiccio B. Flavonoids from a grape seed extract interact with digestive secretions and intestinal cells as assessed in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Food Chemistry. 2007;100(4):1704–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.016 Rohn S, Rawel HM, Kroll J. Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(12):3566–3571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011714b Rohn S, Rawel HM, Kroll J. Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(12):3566–3571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011714b