Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences Вестник Кемеровского государственного университета. Серия: Гуманитарные и общественные науки 2542-1840 2541-9145 72594 10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-4-383-398 VYQYBJ Междисциплинарные исследования когнитивных процессов Interdisciplinary Cognitive Studies Междисциплинарные исследования когнитивных процессов Challenges and further directions of research on spatial thinking strategies Проблемы и перспективы современных подходов к изучению стратегий пространственного мышления https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-726X Барцева Ксения Викторовна Bartseva Ksenia V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-741X Лиханов Максим Владимирович Likhanov Maxim V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-0557 Солдатова Елена Леонидовна Soldatova Elena L. elena.l.soldatova@gmail.com Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет Санкт-Петербург Россия St. Petersburg University St. Petersburg Russian Federation Пекинский педагогический университет Пекин Китайская Народная Республика Beijing Normal University Beijing China Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет Санкт-Петербург Россия St. Petersburg University St. Petersburg Russian Federation 25 12 2023 25 12 2023 7 4 383 398 15 11 2023 14 12 2023 https://jsocnet.ru/en/nauka/article/72594/view

Пространственное мышление (пространственная способность, spatial ability) является важным предиктором успешности в математике, инженерии, науке и других связанных областях. Однако успешность (performance) решения пространственных задач имеет достаточно большую вариабельность, которая связана с большим числом факторов, включая социоэкономические и биологические. Стратегии решения пространственных задач – еще один важный, но трудный для изучения фактор, понимаемый как подход, осознанно или неосознанно выбираемый для решения пространственной задачи. В литературе рассматриваются стратегии решения задач на ментальное вращение, пространственную визуализацию, навигацию в естественной среде или в виртуальном лабиринте, механическое мышление и т. д. Обсуждается практическая польза этих исследований: выявление оптимальных стратегий может принести пользу образованию, инженерной психологии, логистике и юзабилити. В настоящем обзоре мы обобщили результаты около ста исследований, опубликованных в ведущих международных журналах, выявили основные тенденции, достижения и проблемы этих работ, а также представили возможные дальнейшие пути развития этого исследовательского направления. Основными методами исследования стали методы работы с литературой: анализ, систематизация и обобщение. Особый акцент сделан на современных методах изучения пространственных стратегий, а именно методах записи движений глаз, работы мозга и перемещений человека в пространстве, которые позволяют получить более точные и объективные данные о применяемых стратегиях при решении конкретной задачи, чего не позволяют сделать традиционно применявшиеся методы самоотчетов. Сбор и накопление таких данных позволит получить новое знание о пространственных стратегиях, а именно: 1) уточнить список существующих пространственных стратегий; 2) определить стратегии (или их комбинации), связанные с более успешным выполнением пространственных задач; 3) определить связи между пространственными стратегиями и индивидуальными различиями, например, полом или тревожностью; 4) разработать новые методы тренировки и развития пространственного мышления; 5) перейти от исследований стратегий в психометрических тестах к изучению стратегий работы с пространственной информацией в повседневной и профессиональной деятельности. В свою очередь, это поможет ответить на запрос современной экономики в подготовке новых квалифицированных инженерных кадров.

Spatial thinking (spatial ability) is an important predictor of success in mathematics, engineering, science and other related fields. Spatial performance is related to a large number of factors, including socio-economic and biological influences. Strategies of spatial thinking, understood as the approach, consciously or unconsciously, chosen to solve a spatial problem, is one of the factors that contribute to overall performance. The literature discusses strategies for solving different spatial tasks, including mental rotation, spatial visualisation, navigation, and mechanical reasoning, which are partly overlapping but also have some distinct features. In this review, we have summarised more than one hundred studies published in leading international journals, identified the main trends, insights and limitations of these studies, and presented possible future directions of this research area. A special emphasis is placed on the contemporary methods for studying spatial strategies, including eye tracking, neuroimaging (EEG, fMRI, fNIRS), non-invasive brain stimulation, and tracking location in space (VR mazes, GPS data). The practical significance of this research is discussed. For example, identifying strategies optimal for performance in a specific task can benefit education, engineering psychology, logistics and usability.

 пространственные способности пространственное мышление когнитивные способности стратегии решения когнитивных задач образы вербально-логическое мышление spatial abilities spatial intelligence cognitive abilities problem-solving strategies visual imagery verbal-analytical thinking

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