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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Food Processing: Techniques and Technology</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Food Processing: Techniques and Technology</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Техника и технология пищевых производств</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2074-9414</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2313-1748</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">57774</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21603/2074-9414-2023-1-2425</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Extracting Hydrophilic Components from Pomegranate Peel and Pulp</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Экстрагирование гидрофильных компонентов кожуры и жома плодов граната</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-9954</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гафизов</surname>
       <given-names>Самир Гариб оглы</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Hafizov</surname>
       <given-names>Samir Gharib</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4938-8136</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Мусина</surname>
       <given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Musina</surname>
       <given-names>Olga N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-6433</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гафизов</surname>
       <given-names>Гариб Керим оглы</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Hafizov</surname>
       <given-names>Gharib Kerim</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>hafizov-54@mail.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт плодоводства и чаеводства Министерства сельского хозяйства</institution>
     <city>Губа</city>
     <country>Азербайджан</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fruit and Tea Growing of the Ministry of Agriculture</institution>
     <city>Quba</city>
     <country>Azerbaijan</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Сибирский научно-исследовательский институт сыроделия</institution>
     <city>Барнаул</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Siberian Research Institute of Cheese-Making</institution>
     <city>Barnaul</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт плодоводства и чаеводства Министерства сельского хозяйства</institution>
     <city>Губа</city>
     <country>Азербайджан</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fruit and Tea Growing of the Ministry of Agriculture</institution>
     <city>Quba</city>
     <country>Azerbaijan</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-27T12:28:35+03:00">
    <day>27</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-27T12:28:35+03:00">
    <day>27</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>53</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>168</fpage>
   <lpage>182</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-13T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>13</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-07T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>07</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://fptt.ru/en/issues/21374/21422/">https://fptt.ru/en/issues/21374/21422/</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>При комплексной переработке плодов граната (Punica granatum L.) основное внимание уделяется экстракции полифенолов из кожуры. Однако кожура граната богата другими биологически активными водорастворимыми компонентами, процесс извлечения которых мало изучен. Целью работы являлись оценка степени извлечения гидрофильных веществ, таких как простые сахара, органические кислоты и полифенолы, из сырой кожуры и жома граната при разных экспериментальных условиях и подбор режимных параметров экстрагирования.&#13;
Объектом исследования были выбраны гранаты сорта Ириданалы (г. Геокчай, Азербайджан). Перед экстракцией комплекса гидрофильных веществ сырую кожуру и жом измельчали до состояния крупнозернистой кашицы. Экстракцию осуществляли методом мацерации при гидромодуле 1:2 и температуре 40 или 60 °C чистой водой и водными растворами этанола (10–14 об.%). Процесс велся 30, 60 или 90 мин в одну или две стадии с раздельным извлечением экстрактов от каждой стадии. В работе применяли стандартные и общепринятые физико-химические методы.&#13;
Установлено, что в 31,0 ± 2,0 г/100 г сухого вещества кожуры на гидрофильную фракцию приходится 85,32 %, а в 35,7 ± 2,8 г/100 г сухого вещества жома – 59,36 %. В результате экстракции чистой водой при гидромодуле 1:2 при подогреве смеси до 60 °C в течение 30 мин было извлечено всего 54,6 % сухих веществ от их начального содержания в сырой кожуре. Это связано с содержанием в кожуре граната гидрофильных коллоидов, которые способны впитывать воду и снижать выход экстракта. Оптимальной была экстракция в этих условиях водным раствором этанола с концентрацией этилового спирта 10–14 об.% в две стадии по 30 мин каждая. Благодаря коагулирующему действию этилового спирта на  водорастворимый пектин удалось повысить степень экстракции водорастворимых веществ до 83,93 и 91,4 % от их начального содержания в сырой кожуре и сыром жоме соответственно. В результате такой экстракции из 1 кг сырого жома получено около 4 кг смешанного экстракта, после уваривания которого под вакуумом получено 260 г концентрата с содержанием сухих веществ 60 масс.%, в том числе 46,70 г/100 г простых сахаров, 4,73 г/100 г органических кислот, 3,70 г/100 г полифенолов и 10,10 мг/100 г витамина C.&#13;
Экстракция сырой кожуры и сырого жома гранатов водным этанолом (10–14 об.%) обеспечила максимальную степень извлечения гидрофильных веществ и облегчила отделение образовавшихся экстрактов. Однако использование крепких спиртовых растворов может увеличивать затраты на отгонку спирта из образовавшегося экстракта. Поэтому для устранения недостатков предложенного метода в перспективе следует рассмотреть экстракцию данного сырья чистой водой с добавлением пектолитического фермента.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) processing focuses on the extraction of polyphenols from peel. However, pomegranate peel is also rich in other biologically active water-soluble components, and their commercial extraction remains understudied. The research objective was to evaluate the degree of extraction of hydrophilic substances, such as simple sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols, from raw pomegranate peel and pulp under different experimental conditions in order to select the optimal extraction parameters.&#13;
The study featured pomegranates of the Iridanaly variety (Geokchay, Azerbaijan). Raw peel and pulp were crushed to the state of a coarse gruel. Extraction occurred by maceration at a hydromodulus of 1:2 and a temperature of 40 or 60°C with pure water and aqueous ethanol solutions (10–14 % vol.). The process lasted 30, 60, or 90 min in one or two stages with separate extraction at each stage. The research involved standard physicochemical methods.&#13;
In 31.0 ± 2.0 g/100 g of dry peel, the hydrophilic fraction accounted for 85.32%; in 35.7 ± 2.8 g/100 g of dry pulp, it was 59.36%. Only 54.6% solids were extracted from raw peel after 30 min of extraction with pure water at a hydromodulus of 1:2 and 60°C. Pomegranate peel contained hydrophilic colloids, which caused water absorption and reduced the yield. The optimal extraction included an aqueous solution of ethanol with an ethanol concentration of 10–14 % vol. and two thirty-minute stages. The coagulating effect of ethyl alcohol on water-soluble pectin made it possible to increase the degree of extraction of water-soluble substances to 83.93 and 91.4% of their initial content in raw peel and raw pulp, respectively. Such extraction yielded 4 kg of mixed extract from 1 kg of raw pulp. The extract was boiled under vacuum and yielded 260 g of concentrate with 60 wt.% solids, including 46.70 g/100 g simple sugars, 4.73 g/100 g organic acids, 3.70 g/100 g polyphenols, and 10.10 mg/100 g vitamin C.&#13;
The extraction of raw pomegranate peel and pulp with aqueous ethanol (10–14 % vol.) provided the maximal degree of extraction of hydrophilic substances and facilitated the separation of the resulting extracts. However, strong alcohol solutions may increase the cost of distillation of alcohol from the extract. To eliminate this shortcoming, the extraction can be carried out with pure water and a pectolytic enzyme.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Punica granatum L.</kwd>
    <kwd>кожура граната</kwd>
    <kwd>водорастворимые вещества</kwd>
    <kwd>полифенолы</kwd>
    <kwd>моносахариды</kwd>
    <kwd>экстрагирование</kwd>
    <kwd>растворитель</kwd>
    <kwd>степень экстракции</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Punica granatum L.</kwd>
    <kwd>pomegranate peel</kwd>
    <kwd>water-soluble substances</kwd>
    <kwd>polyphenols</kwd>
    <kwd>monosaccharides</kwd>
    <kwd>extraction</kwd>
    <kwd>solvent</kwd>
    <kwd>degree of extraction</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научная работа была выполнена в рамках государственного заказа Министерства сельского хозяйства Азербайджанской Республики «Разработка технологии биологически активных комплексов из побочных продуктов производства гранатового сока».</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was part of the state order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Development of technology for biologically active complexes from by-products of pomegranate juice production.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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