Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Food Processing: Techniques and Technology Техника и технология пищевых производств 2074-9414 2313-1748 110807 10.21603/2074-9414-2025-4-2601 PRHCIY ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ ORIGINAL ARTICLE ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ Dispersed and Tandem Repeats in Genomes and Genes of Some Mammalian Species Диспергированные и тандемные повторы в геномах и генах некоторых видов млекопитающих https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-3086 Косовский Глеб Юрьевич Kosovsky Gleb Yu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-6935 Глазко Татьяна Теодоровна Glazko Tatiana T. tglazko@rambler.ru Научно-исследовательский институт пушного звероводства и кролиководства имени В. А. Афанасьева пос. Родники Россия Scientific Research Institute of Fur-Bearing Animal Breeding and Rabbit Breeding n.a. V.A. Afanas'ev Rodniki Russian Federation Научно-исследовательский институт пушного звероводства и кролиководства имени В. А. Афанасьева пос. Родники Россия Scientific Research Institute of Fur-Bearing Animal Breeding and Rabbit Breeding n.a. V.A. Afanas'ev Rodniki Russian Federation 25 12 2025 25 12 2025 55 4 687 709 12 08 2025 07 10 2025 https://fptt.ru/en/issues/24078/24080/

Развитие методов генного и геномного редактирования повышает актуальность прогноза и уменьшения вероятности нецелевых, плейотропных последствий. Одним из таких направлений может быть оценка структурно-функциональных особенностей геномных мишеней редактирования по наиболее полиморфным геномным элементам, таким как транспозоны. Цель исследования – выявить распределения транспозонов в генах, наиболее часто выбираемых в качестве мишеней генного редактирования, и на их флангах у разных видов млекопитающих. Исследование выполнялось на геномных последовательностях человека (Homo sapiens), крупного рогатого скота (Bos taurus), домашнего кролика (Oryctolagus cuniculus) и домовой мыши (Mus musculus) белок-кодирующих генов миостатина (mstn), меланофилина (mlph), рецептора лептина (lepr), белка ремоделинга хроматина (хромосома Х, atrx), генов эволюционно консервативной петли хроматина (фактор регуляции транскрипции – auts2, N-ацетилгалактозаминилтрансфераза – galnt17, кальций связывающий белок 1 – caln1), а также их флангов. Распределение транспозонов оценивали с использованием программы RepeatMasker, статистическую обработку выполняли с применением программы Jamovi. Рассматривались следующие генные и геномные особенности: частота встречаемости разных типов диспергированных повторов, доминирующих у предковых видов млекопитающих и затем вытесненных молодыми вариантами; зависимость частоты встречаемости разных повторов от локализации в аутосомах и хромосоме Х, функциональной принадлежности групп генов, их локализации в общей и разных хромосомах, перекрывания генов. Выявлены отличия по частотам встречаемости «древних» и «молодых» транспозонов между человеком, крупным рогатым скотом и грызунами, по-видимому, связанные с разной скоростью смены поколений; обнаружены ассоциации между функциями белков и консервативностью генетического сцепления между кодирующими их генами; генетически сцепленные гены у разных видов отличались по обогащенности «древними» транспозонами, что, предположительно, ассоциировано с видоспецифичными различиями в защищенности от транспозиций соответствующих геномных районов. Полученные данные о видо- и ген-специфичных особенностях распределения транспозонов необходимо учитывать в целях предупреждения нежелательных эффектов редактирования соответствующих геномных районов.

Gene and genome editing improves the prognosis by preventing non-target or pleiotropic consequences. Genomic editing targets can be assessed by localizing their structural and functional traits on the most polymorphic genomic elements, e.g., by transposons. This research clarified the distribution of transposons in the most popular gene editing targets and on their flanks in different mammalian species. The study covered the genomic sequences of humans (Homo sapiens), cattle (Bos taurus), domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and house mice (Mus musculus). It involved the protein-coding genes of myostatin (mstn), melanophilin (mlph), leptin receptor (lepr), X-localized chromatin remodeling protein (atrx), and three genes in the evolutionarily conserved chromatin loop (transcrip-tion regulation factor – auts2, N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase – galnt17, calcium binding protein 1 – caln1), as well as at least four genes on their flanks. The distribution of transposons was estimated using RepeatMasker; the statistical processing relied on the Jamovi software. The analysis was conducted for the following gene and genomic traits: 1) the frequency of dispersed repeats that were dominant in ancestral species to be displaced by later varieties; 2) the correlation between the frequency and the localization in autosomes and chromosome X, the functional affiliation of gene groups, their localization in the same and different chromosomes, and gene overlap. The differences in the frequencies of ancient and young transposons between humans, cattle, and rodents were associated with different rates of generational exchange. The research also revealed some links between the protein functions and the conservatism of genetic linkage. The blocks of genetically linked genes across the species differed in ancient transposons, which depended on the species-specific differences in the protection of the corresponding genomic regions from transpositions. The data on species- and gene-specific traits of transposons distribution may help to prevent undesirable pleiotropic effects of genetic modifications.

 Генное редактирование генетическое сцепление хроматиновая петля эволюционная консервативность «древние» и «молодые» транспозоны человек крупный рогатый скот домашний кролик домовая мышь Gene editing genetic linkage chromatin loop evolutionary conservatism ancient and young transposons Homo sapiens Bos taurus Oryctolagus cuniculus Mus musculus Исследование поддержано Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (государственное задание № 075-00503-25-02). The study is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (state agreement No. 075-00503-25-02).

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